important sentences

1
Do You Know?
The most glamorous word Glamour  is Closely  associated by Origin with
that very Unglamorous Word
GRAMMAR
Scottish gramarye occult Learnig
Single
Source  for  Both  : grammar  and
grammarye  or
glamour
Lingua : Language
(tongue)
Language      sPhonemes Syllable Words
(The Smallest
sound Units)
♦ Grammar
♦Gramarye
♦Glamour
grammatica terkne (greek) - the art of letters
Gramarye (Scottish)
Gramaire (Old French)
grammatica (Latin)
Grammar - a letter of the alphabet
26
Vowels
 5
44
22
Sounds
Consonants
21
202
1. Good  morning !
2. Good afternoon!
3. Good evening!
4. Good night!
5. Good day !
6. Wish you a good day
7. Wish you a good afternoon!
8. Wish you a  good evening!
9. Wish you a good night!
10. Wish you a good  day!
11. Wish you a good morning!
12. Wish you a good afternoon!
13. Wish you a good  night!
14. Wish you a good day!
15. Have a good morning
16. Have a good afternoon.
17. Have  a good  evening.
18. Enjoy  a good  night.
19. Enjoy a good  day.
20. Sweet dream!
21 I wish you sweet  dreams.
22. Have/Enjoy sweet dreams.
23. Good bye/ Bye!
24 I say a good bye to you.
25 Let  me leave you.
26 Ta-ta! to you.
27 I say a  ta - ta to you.
28 Let me leave you.
29 Cheerio!
30 I say a cheerio to you.
31 Let me leave you.
GREETINGS3
32 Many happy returns of the day/your birthday!
33 I wish you many happy returns  of the day / your birthday.
34 Enjoy many happy returns of the day/ your birthday.
35 Wish you a comfortable and safe journey!
36 I wish you a comfortble and safe journey!
37 Enjoy a comfortable and safe journey.
38 Happy married life!
39 Wish you a grand succes in your examinations!
40 Wish you a grand victory!
41 Wish you a good eating!
42 Wish you a great  prosprity  in your newly built house!
43 Wish you happy times abroad!
44 Wish you a record yield!
45 Wish you grand  promotions in future!
46 Wish you a joyous picinic!
47 Wish you a nice outcome in the business conference!
48. Wish  you get over your troubles!
49. Wish you a speedy recovery from illness!
50. May you  prosper  in life!
51. I  pray  to God that you may prosper in life.
52. Let  God bless you that  you may prosper in life
53. God give you courage and strength to over come the
sudden shock in your father's death!
54. I pray to God that He may give  you  courage and strength
to over come the sudden shock in your father's death.
55. Let  God give  you courage and strength  to overcome the
sudden shock in your father's death.
56. May  his soul rest in peace!
57. I pray to God that He may bless your child with a good
education4
58. Let God  help his soul rest in peace.
59. God bless your child with a good education!
60. I Pray  to God  that  He may bless your child with a good
education.
61. Let God bless your child with a good education.
62. May you get along cheerfully!
63. I wish that you may get along cheerfully.
64. Get along cheerfully.
The  Set A words are just words. The Set B words are
one word sentences
set A Set B
1. Come 1. Come.
2. Go 2. Go.
3. Eat 3. Eat.
4. Drink 4. Drink.
5. Sit 5. Sit.
6. Stand 6. Stand
7. Sleep 7. Sleep.
8. Play 8. Play.
9. Dance 9. Dance.
10. Sing 10. Sing.
11. Write 11. Write.
12. Read 12. Read.5
Two word Sentences :
'Please' is used  in spoken English to express ' politeness'.
Set A Set B
1. Please come. 1. Come Please.
2. Please go. 2. Go Please.
3. Please eat. 3. Eat Please.
4. Please  drink 4. Drink Please.
5. Please sit 5. Sit please.
6. Please  stand 6. Stand  please.
7. Please sleep. 7. Sleep  please.
8. Please  play. 8. Play please.
9. Please  dance. 9. Dance please.
10. Please  sing. 10. Sing please.
11. Please  write. 11. Write please.
12. Please read. 12. Read please.
Three Word Sentences
set A Set B
1.Please come here. 1. Come here please.
2.Please go  at once. 2. Go at once  please.
3.Please eat your  food. 3. Eat your food please.
4.Please drink a cup of tea. 4. Drink a cup of tea please.
5.Please  sit down. 5. sit down please.
6.Please Stand up. 6.Stand up pleas.
7.Please  sleeep  on your bed 7.Sleep on your bed  please.
8.Please  play in  the field. 8.Play in the  field  please.
9.Please  dance well. 9.Dance well please.
10.Please  sing a song. 10.Sing a song please.
11.Please  write a letter. 11.Write a letter please.
12.Please read the story  for me.12.Read the story for me please.6
Eg. [Examples]
1. John! come here.
2. Indu,  eat your food.
3. Children! read well.
4. Students, be quiet.
5. Balu! sing a song.
6. Roja, dance now.
MORE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES :
1. Sir, please explain the lesson.
2. Do or die.
3. Get into the hell after your death.
4. Go to your grandfather.
5. Make money with nothing.
6. Krishna, recite  this poem for me.
7. Venu! help me tomorrow.
8. Lalitha! solve this problem.
9. Friends, listen to me.
10. Rank well in the examinations.
Imperative  Sentences  Classified :
1. Commands
i. Get  out.
ii. Shut up
iii. Quit my room.
iv. Sit Down.
v. Go straight.7
2. Orders :
i. Go and get me water.
ii. Shoot the enemy.
iii. Bring my bycle at once.
iv. Stand in a line.
v. Keep quiet.
3. Requests
i. Please sing a song.
ii. Kindly allow her in.
iii. Please get seated.
iv. Please listen to me.
v. Kindly shut the door.
4. Pleadings
i Advise me Mr. Lawyer.
ii. Help me get  acquitted.
iii. Allow me to plead please.
iv. Render Service to the poor.
v. Help the needy.
5. Suggestions
i Read well.
ii. Work hard.
iii. Marry only once.
iv. Be regular.
v. Do not postpone your work.8
Am / is / are
01. I am I’m S"£∞
02 we are we’re qÜ«∞~ü
03. you are you’re Ü≥∂~ü
04. they are they’re ^Õ~ü
05. he is he’s Ç‘Ï*ò
06. she is she’s +‘*ò
07 it is it’s W\òû
Have :
01. I have I’ve S"£
02. we have we’ve g"£
03 you have you’ve Ü«¸"£
04. they have they’ve ^Õ"£
05. he  has he’s Ç‘Ï*ò
06. she has she’s +‘*ò
07. it  has it’s W\òû
01. I had / would I'd S_£
02. We had / would we'd g_£
03. You had / would you'd              Ü«¸_£
04. They had / would They'd ^Õ_£
05. He had / would He'd Ç‘Ï_£
06. She had / would She'd +‘_£
07. it had / would It'd S\˜_£
Contractions9
Will :
01. I will I’ll SÖò
02. we will we’ll gÖò
03. you will you’ll Ü«¸Öò
04. they will they’ll ^ÕÖò
05. he will he’ll Ç‘ÏÖò
06. she will she’ll +‘Öò
07. It will It’ll W\˜Öò
Negative :
01. I am  not I,m not S"£∞ <å\ò
02. we are not we aren’t =ÙÜü∞ P~°<£ì
03. he is not heisn’t Ç≤Ï D[O\ò
04. I was not I wasn’t S "å[O\ò
05. they were not they weren’t ^Õ =~°<£ì
06. I have not I haven’t S ¿ÇÏ"≥O\ò
07. he has not he hasn’t Ç≤Ï ¿ÇÏ[O\ò
08. I had not I hadn’t S ¿ÇÏ_»<£ì
09. I do not I don’t S _À<£ì
10. he does not he doesn’t Ç‘Ï _»[<£ì
11. I did not I didn’t S _ç_çO\ò
12. I will not I won’t S "ÀO\ò
13. I shall  not I shan’t S ëê<£ì
14. I would not I wouldn’t S L_»O\ò
15. I should  not I shouldn’t S +¨µ_»O\ò
16. I must  not I mustn’t S =∞ã¨O\ò
17. I could  not I couldn’t S ‰õΩ_»O\ò
18. I cannot I can’t S HÍ<£ì
Note : can not Jx q_»nÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œ∞ cannot Jx HõÅÑ≤ "å_®e.10
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=Ú
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞
"å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ?
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞.
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ?
Active Voice Simple Present tense
1. I take.
2. Do I take ?
3. I don’t take.
4. Don’t I take ?
5. We take.
6. Do we take ?
7. We don’t take.
8. Don’t we take ?
9. You take.
10. Do you take ?
11. You don’t take.
12. Don’t you take ?
13. They take.
14. Do they take ?
15. They don’t take.
16. Don’t they take ?
17. He takes.
18. Does he take ?
19. He doesn’t take.
20. Doesn’t he take ?
21. She takes.
22. Does she take ?
23. She doesn’t take.
24. Doesn’t she take ?
TENSES11
Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.
Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?
Jk fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞HÀ^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ?
25. It takes.
26. Does it take ?
27. It doesn’t take.
28. Doesn’t it take ?
29. Rama takes.
30. Does Rama take ?
31. Rama doesn’t take.
32. Doesn’t Rama take ?
1. I am taking.
2. Am I taking ?
3. I am not taking.
4. Am I not taking ?
5. We are taking.
6. Are we taking ?
7. We are not taking.
8. Are we not taking ?
9. You are taking.
10. Are you taking ?
11. You are not taking.
12. Are you not taking ?
13. They are taking.
14. Are they taking ?
15. They are not taking.
16. Are they not taking ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl<å ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^• ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=∂ ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ?
Active voice                present  continuous tense12
17. He is taking.
18. Is he taking ?
19. He is not taking.
20. Is he not taking ?
21. She is taking.
22. Is she taking ?
23. She is not taking.
24. Is she not taking ?
25. It is taking.
26. Is it taking ?
27. It is not taking.
28. Is it not taking ?
29. Rama is taking.
30. Is Rama taking ?
31. Rama is not taking.
32. Is Rama not taking ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk.
Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ?
1. I have taken.
2. Have I taken ?
3. I have not taken.
4. Have I not taken ?
5. We have taken.
6. Have we taken ?
7. We have not taken.
8. Have we not taken ?
<Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.
<Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl<å ?
<Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
<Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
"Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
"Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘ÖË^• ?
 Active voice             Present perfect tense13
9. You have taken.
10. Have you taken ?
11. You have not taken.
12. Have you not taken ?
13. They have taken.
14. Have they taken ?
15. They have not taken ?
16. Have they not taken.
17. He has taken.
18. Has he taken ?
19. He has not taken.
20. Has he not taken ?
21. She has taken.
22. Has she taken ?
23. She has not taken.
24. Has she not taken ?
25. It has taken.
26. Has it taken ?
27. It has not taken.
28. Has it not taken ?
29. Rama has taken.
30. Has Rama taken ?
31. Rama has not taken.
32. Has Rama not taken ?
g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ?
g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
"å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
"å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ?
"å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
"å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.
J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ?
J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk.
P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ?
P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk.
Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ?
Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?14
1. I have been taking.
2. Have I been taking ?
3. I have not been taking.
4. Have I not been taking ?
5. We have been taking.
6. Have we been taking ?
7. We have not been taking.
8. Have we not been taking ?
9. You have been taking.
10. Have you been taking ?
11. You have not been taking.
12. Have you not been taking ?
13. They have been taking.
14. Have they been taking ?
15. They have not been taking.
16. Have they not been taking
17. He has been taking.
18. Has he been taking ?
19. He has not been taking.
20. Has he not been taking ?
21. She has been taking.
22. Has she been taking ?
23. She has not been taking.
24. Has she not been taking ?
<Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl#∞.
<Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl<å?
<Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞.
<Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?
"Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=∂?
"Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞.
"Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?
g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~å?
g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞.
g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?
"å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞.
"å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~å?
"å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞.
"å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?
J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl_»∞.
J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl_®?
J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^Œ∞.
J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•?
P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#flk.
P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#fl^•?
P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^• ?
 Active voice             Present perfect continuous tense15
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘ÖË^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
17. He took
18. Did he take
19. He didn’t take
20. Didn’t he take
21. She took
22. Did she take
23. She didn’t take
24. Didn’t she take
25. It took
26. Did it take
27. It didn’t take
28. Didn’t it take
29. Rama took
30. Did Rama take
31. Rama didn’t take
32. Didn’t Rama take ?
1. I was taking
2. Was I taking
3. I wasn’t taking
4. Wasn’t I taking
5. We were taking
6. Were we taking
7. We weren’t taking
8. Weren’t we taking
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\q∞.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
        Past continuous tense  Active voice16
9. You were taking
10. Were you taking
11. You weren’t taking
12. Weren’t you taking
13. They were taking
14. Were they taking
15. They weren’t taking
16. Weren’t they taking
17. He was taking
18. Was he taking
19. He wasn’t taking
20. Wasn’t he taking
21. She was taking
22. Was she taking
23. She wasn’t taking
24. Wasn’t she taking
25. It was taking
26. Was it taking
27. I wasn’t taking
28. Wasn’t it taking
29. Rama was taking
30. Was Rama taking
31. Rama wasn’t taking
32. Wasn’t Rama taking
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?17
<Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜x.
<Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩO\˜<å ?
<Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^Œ∞.
<Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ?
"Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜q∞.
"Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜=∂
"Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^Œ∞.
"Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ?
h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜q.
h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜"å ?
h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^Œ∞.
h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ?
J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^Œ∞.
J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ?
P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞
P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ?
Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞
Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^Œ∞.
Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ?
1. I had taken
2. Had I taken
3. I hadn’t taken
4. Hadn’t I taken ?
5. We had taken
6. Had we taken ?
7. We hadn’t taken
8. Hadn’t we taken
9. You had taken
10. Had you taken
11. You hadn’t taken
12. Hadn’t you taken
13. He had taken
14. Had he taken
15. He hadn’t taken
16. Hadn’t he taken
17. She had taken
18. Had she taken
19. She hadn’t taken
20. Hadn’t she taken
21. It had taken
22. Had It taken
23. It hadn’t taken
24. Hadn’t it taken
Past  perfect tense  Active voice18
25. They had taken
26. Had they taken
27. They hadn’t taken
28. Hadn’t they taken
29. Rama had taken
30. Had Rama taken
31. Rama hadn’t taken
32. Hadn’t Rama taken
"å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘xi.
"å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘x~å ?
"å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
"å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ?
~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?
1. I had been taking for two years
2. Had I been taking for two years
3. I hadn’t been taking for two years
4. Had’nt I been taking for two years
5.We had been taking for two years
6.Had we been taking for two years
7.We hadn’t been taking for two years
8.Hadn’t we been taking for two years
Past perfect continuous tense  Active voice
<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x.
<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ?
<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
<Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜q∞.
"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
"Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?19
9. You had been taking for two years
10. Had you been taking for two years
11. You hadn’t been taking for two years
12. Hadn’t you been taking for two years
13. They had been taking for two years
14. Had they been taking for two years
15. They hadn’t been taking for two years
16. Hadn’t they been taking for two years
21. She had been taking for two years
22. Had she been taking for two years
023.She hadn’t been taking for two years
24. Hadn’t she been taking for two years
g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i.
g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ?
g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi.
"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ?
"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?20
25.It had been taking for two years
26.Had it been taking for two years
27.It hadn’t been taking for two years
28.Hadn’t it been taking for two years
29.Rama had been taking for two years
30.Had Rama been taking for two years
31.Rama hadn’t been taking for two years
32.Hadn’t Rama been taking for two years
Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ?
~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
 fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?
Active voice             Simple future tense
1 I will take
2. Will I take ?
3. I won’t take
4. Won’t I take?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å ?21
5. We will take
6. Will we take?
7. We won’t take
8. Won’t we take?
9. They will take
10. Will they take
11. They won’t take
12. Won’t they take
13. You will take
14. Will you take
15. You won’t take
16. Won’t you take
17 He will take
18. Will he take?
19. He won’t take
20. Won’t he take ?
21. She will take
22. Will she take ?
23. She won’t take
24. Won’t she take
25. It will take
26. Will it take
27. It won’t take
28. Won’t it take
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞ ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ?
Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.
Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ?
Jk fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞HÀ^• ?
Active voice             Simple future tense22
29. Rama will take
30. Will Rama take
31. Rama won't take
32. Won't Rama take
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ?
1. I will be taking
2. Will I be taking
3. I won’t be taking
4. Won’t I be taking
5. We will be taking
6. Will we be taking
7. We won’t be taking
8. Won’t we be taking
9. You will be taking
10. Will you be taking
11. You won’t be taking
12. Won’t you be taking
13. They will be taking
14. Will they be taking
15. They won’t be taking
16. Won’t they be taking
17. He will be taking
18. Will he be taking
19. He won’t be taking
20. Won’t he be taking
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï<å ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»<å ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=Ú
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=∂ ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ?
Active voice                Future continuous tense23
21. She will be taking
22. Will she be taking
23. She won’t be taking
24. Won’t she be taking
25. It will be taking
26. Will it be taking
27. It won’t be taking
28. Won’t it be taking
29. Rama will be taking
30. Will Rama be taking
31. Rama won’t be taking
32. Won’t Rama be taking
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok.
Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ?
1. I will have taken
2. Will I have taken
3. I won’t have taken
4. Won’t I have taken
5. We will have taken
6. Will we have taken
7. We won’t have taken
8. Won’t we have taken
9. You will have taken
10. Will you have taken
11. You won’t have taken
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞.
Active voice         Future perfect tense24
12. Won’t you have taken
13. They will have taken
14. Will they have taken
15. They won’t have taken
16. Won’t they have taken
17. He will have taken
18. Will he have taken
19. He won’t have taken
20. Won’t he have taken
21. She will have taken
22. Will she have taken
23. She won’t have taken
24. Won’t she have taken
25. It will have taken
26. Will it have taken
27. It won’t have taken
28. Won’t it have taken
29. Rama will have taken
30. Will Rama have taken
31. Rama won't have taken
32. Won't Rama have taken
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^Œ∞.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?25
1. I will have taken
2. Will I have taken
3. I won’t have taken
4. Won’t I have taken
5. We will have taken
6. Will we have taken
7. We won’t have taken
8. Won’t we have taken
9. You will have taken
10. Will you have taken
11. You won’t have taken
12. Won’t you have taken
13. They will have taken
14. Will they have taken
15. They won’t have taken
16. Won’t they have taken
17. He will have taken
18. Will he have taken
19. He won’t have taken
20. Won’t he have taken
21. She will have taken
22. Will she have taken
23. She won’t have taken
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ?
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»#∞.
<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ?
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=Ú.
"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞.
g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ?
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞.
"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.
J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^Œ∞.
Active voice                  Future perfect tense26
24. Won’t she have taken
25. It will have taken
26. Will it have taken
27. It won’t have taken
28. Won’t it have taken
29. Rama will have taken
30. Will Rama have taken
31. Rama won't have taken
32. Won't Rama have taken
P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok.
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ?
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^Œ∞.
Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ?
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞.
~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?27
1. I am told.
2. We are told.
3. You are told.
4. He is told.
5. They are told.
6. She is told.
7. It is told.
8. Rama is told.
9. I am being told.
10. We are being told.
11. You are being told.
12. They are being told.
13. He is being told.
14. She is being told.
15. It is being told.
16. Rama is being told.
17. I have been told.
18. We have been told.
19. You have been told.
20. They have been told.
21. He has been told.
22. She has been told.
23. It has been told.
24. Rama has been told.
<Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çux.
"Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞.
g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çui.
J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞.
"å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_®¤~°∞.
P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çOk.
Wk K≥ѨÊ|_çOk.
~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞.
<Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl#∞
"Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl=Ú
g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl~°∞
"å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl~°∞
J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl_»∞
P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù#flk
Wk K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù#flk
~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl_»∞.
<Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çux.
"Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞.
g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çui.
"å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çi.
J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞.
P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çOk.
Wk (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çOk.
~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞.
 PASSIVE VOICE
Simple Present tense
Present Continuous tense
Present Perfect  tense28
Passive Voice
PAST  TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE :
1. I was told. 1. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çux.
2. We were told. 2. "Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞.
3. You were told. 3. g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çui.
4. They  were told. 4. "å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çui.
5. He was told. 5. J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
6. She was told. 6. P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
7. It was told. 7. Jk K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
8. Rama was told. 8. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
9. I was being told. 9. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜x.
10.We were being told. 10."Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜q∞.
11. You were being told. 11.g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜i.
12. They were being told. 12."å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜i.
13.He was being told. 13.J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
14. She was being told. 14.P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
15. It was being told. 15.Jk K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
16.Rama was being told. 16.~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞.
PAST  PERFECT  TENSE
17.I had been told. 17.<Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çux.
18.We  had been told. 18 "Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞.
19. You had been told. 19.g∞~°∞ JѨC_Õ K≥ѨÊ|_çui.29
20. They had been told. 20. "å~°∞ JѨC_Õ K≥ѨÊ|_çi..
21.He had been told. 21. J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
22. She had been told. 22. P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
23. It had been told. 23. Jk  (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
24. Rama had been told. 24. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE :
1. I will be told.
2. We will be told.
3. You will be told.
4. They  will be told.
5. He will be told.
6. She will be told.
7. It will be told.
8. Rama will be told.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
9. I will have been told.
10.We will have been told.
11. You will have been told.
12. They will have been told.
13.He will have been told.
14. She will have been told.
15. It will have been told.
16.Rama will have been told.
Passive Voice
FUTURE TENSE
1. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å#∞.
2. "Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_»`å=Ú.
3. g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å~°∞.
4. "å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å~°∞.
5. J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å_»∞.
6. P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞`«∞Ok.
7. Jk K≥ѨÊ|_»∞`«∞Ok.
8. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å_»∞.
<Õ#∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï#∞.
"Õ∞=Ú(JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï=Ú.
g∞~°∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞.
"å~°∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞.
J`«#∞  (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞.
P"≥∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok.
Jk (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok.
~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞.30
Active  Voice Present  Tense
don't come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
He
she
It
Rama
doesn't  come.
I am not coming.
we
You
They
Boys
are not coming.
He
she
It
Rama
is not  coming.
has not come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
I
We
You
They
Boys
have not come.
He
she
It
Rama
have not been coming.
He
she
It
Rama
has not been coming.
come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
He
she
It
Rama
comes.
I am coming.
We
You
They
Boys
are coming.
He
she
It
Rama
is com-
ing.
has come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
I
We
You
They
Boys
have
come.
He
she
It
Rama
have been coming.
He
she
It
Rama
has been coming.
(+) (-)31
Active  Voice
Present Tense
Has
he
she
it
Rama
been
coming?
Am I coming?
Does
he
she
it
Rama
Do
I
we
they
boys
Is
he
she
it
Rama
Are
we
you
they
boys
Have
I
we
you
they
boys
Has
he
she
it
Rama
come?
I
we
you
they
boys
been
coming?
Have
come?
come?
coming?
coming?
come?
Hasn't
he
she
it
Rama
been
coming?
Am not I coming?
Doesn't
he
she
it
Rama
Don't
I
we
they
boys
Isn't
he
she
it
Rama
Are not
we
you
they
boys
Haven't
I
we
you
they
boys
Hasn't
he
she
it
Rama
come?
I
we
you
they
boys
been
coming? Haven't
come?
come?
coming?
coming?
come?
Interrogative sentence Negative Interrogative sentence32
PAST TENSE
came.
I
We
You
They
Boys
                (+)
   Sub   Verb
came.
He
She
It
Rama
was coming. I
were coming.
We
You
They
Boys
was coming.
He
She
It
Rama
didn’t come.
        (-)
Sub       verb
didn’t come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
He
She
It
Rama
was not coming. I
were not coming.
was not coming.
We
You
They
Boys
He
She
It
Rama33
had come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
had come.
He
She
It
Rama
had been coming.
I
We
You
They
Boys
had been coming.
He
She
It
Rama
had not come.
had not come.
had not been coming.
I
We
You
They
Boys
He
She
It
Rama
I
We
You
They
Boys
had not been coming.
He
She
It
Rama34
PAST TENSE
Interrogative sentences
come ?
I
We
they
boys
Didn’t
come ?
I
we
they
boys
Didn’t
Negative
Interrogative sentences
coming ? I Wasn’t
coming ?
we
you
they
boys
Weren’t
coming ? Wasn’t
he
she
it
Rama
come ?
I
we
They
Boys
Did
come ?
he
she
it
Rama
Did
coming ? I Was
coming ?
we
you
they
boys
Were
coming ?
he
she
it
Rama
Was35
come ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Had
come ?
he
she
it
Rama
Had
been
coming ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Had
been
coming ?
Had
he
she
it
Rama
coming ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Hadn’t
come ?
he
she
it
Rama
Had not
been coming ? Had not
I
we
you
they
boys
been coming ? Had not
he
she
it
Rama36
FUTURE TENSE
will come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
        (+)
Sub       verb
will come.
He
She
It
Rama
will be coming.
will not be coming.
We
You
They
Boys
will not be coming.
He
She
It
Rama
will not have come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
will not be coming. will be coming. I
We
You
They
Boys
will be coming.
He
She
It
Rama
will have come.
I
We
You
They
Boys
won’t come.
        (-)
Sub       verb
I
We
You
They
Boys
won’t come.
He
She
It
Rama
I37
FUTURE TENSE
come ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Interrogative sentences
Will
come ?
he
she
It
Rama
Will
come ? I Will
will have been
 coming.
I
We
You
They
Boys
will have been
coming.
He
She
It
Rama
will not have
     beeen coming.
I
We
You
They
Boys
will not have
     been coming.
He
She
It
Rama
come ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Won’t
Negative
Interrogative sentences
come ?
he
she
It
Rama
Won’t
come ? I Won’t38
be coming ?
we
you
they
boys
Will
be coming ?
he
she
It
Rama
Will
be coming ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Will
have come ?
he
she
It
Rama
Will
have been coming ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Will
have been
         coming ?
he
she
It
Rama
Will
be coming ?
we
you
they
boys
Won’t
be coming ?
he
she
It
Rama
Won’t
have been coming? Won’t
he
she
It
Rama
be coming ?
I
we
you
they
boys
Won’t
have come ? Won’t
he
she
It
Rama
have been coming? Won’t
I
we
you
they
boys39
is told.
He
She
It
Rama
Positive  sentences (+)
Passive Voice   Present tense
is not told.
He
She
It
Rama
Negative  sentences  (-)
are not told.
We
You
They
Boys
am not told. I
is not being told.
He
She
It
Rama
are not being told.
We
You
They
Boys
am not being told. I
are told.
We
You
They
Boys
am told. I
is being told.
He
She
It
Rama
are being told.
We
You
They
Boys
am being told. I40
has been told.
He
She
It
Rama
have been told. I
have been told.
We
You
They
Boys
has not been told.
have not been told. I
have not been told.
He
She
It
Rama
We
You
They
Boys41
Am I told?
Is
he
she
it
Rama
told?
Are
we
you
they
boys
told?
Am I being told?
Is
he
she
it
Rama
being told?
Are
we
you
they
boys
being told?
Have I been told?
Has
he
she
it
Rama
been told?
Have
we
you
they
boys
been told?
Am not I told?
he
she
it
Rama
told?
Aren't
we
you
they
boys
told?
I being told?
he
she
it
Rama
being told?
we
you
they
boys
being told?
Haven't I been told?
Hasn't
he
she
it
Rama
been told?
Haven't
we
you
they
boys
been told?
Isn't
Am not
Is not
Aren't42
PAST TENSE
(+) (-)
were not being told.
We
You
They
Boys
were being told.
We
You
They
Boys
was not being told.
He
She
It
Rama
was being told.
He
She
It
Rama
was not being told. I
was being told. I
We
You
They
Boys
We
You
They
Boys
were not told.
were told.
We
You
They
Boys
We
You
They
Boys
was told. I wasn’t told. I
wasn’t told.
He
She
It
Rama
was told.
He
She
It
Rama43
had been told. I
had been told.
He
She
It
Rama
had been told.
We
You
They
Boys
had not been told. I
had not been told.
He
She
It
Rama
had not been told.
We
You
They
Boys44
Interrogative Sentence       Negative Interrogative Sentence
Was I told?
Was
he
she
it
Rama
told?
Were
we
you
they
boys
told?
Was I being told?
Was
he
she
it
Rama
being told?
Were
we
you
they
boys
being told?
Had I been told?
Had
he
she
it
Rama
been told?
Had
we
you
they
boys
been told?
Wasn't I told?
he
she
it
Rama
told?
Weren't
we
you
they
boys
told?
I being told?
he
she
it
Rama
being told?
we
you
they
boys
being told?
Hadn't I been told?
Hadn't
he
she
it
Rama
been told?
Hadn't
we
you
they
boys
been told?
Wasn't
Wasn't
Wasn't
Weren't
PAST TENSE45
 FUTURE TENSE
(+)
will not be told. I
will not be told.
He
She
It
Rama
will not be told.
We
You
They
Boys
We
You
They
Boys
will not have been told. I
(-)
will not have been told.
He
She
It
Rama
will not have been told.
We
You
They
Boys
will be told. I
will be told.
He
She
It
Rama
will be told.
We
You
They
Boys
We
You
They
Boys
will have been told. I
will have been told.
We
You
They
Boys
will have been told.
He
She
It
Rama46
Active voice
Past, Present & Future tenses (Shortcuts)
came / was coming / had come/ had been coming (past)
comes/ is coming / has come/ has been coming (present)
will come / will be coming / will have come/ will have been
coming (future)
     1. He
She
It
Rama
        2. Did /didn’t (past)
Does / Doesn’t come ?
Has / hasn’t
Will / won’t (Future)
He
She
It
Rama
        3. Had /hadn’t (past)
Has / hasn’t (present) been coming ?
He
She
It
Rama

(Present)
4. Will / won’t                 have been coming ?
He
She
It
Rama
   came / were coming / had come / had been coming (past
    come / are coming / have come / have been coming (present)
    will come / will be coming / will have come / will have been
coming (future)
We
You
They
Boys
5
6. Did / didn’t / had / hadn’t (past)
Do / don’t / have / haven’t (present)       come ?
Will / won’t (future)
We
You
They
Boys
7. Will / won’t   have come ?
We
You
They
Boys47
8. Were / weren’t (present)         coming
Are / Aren’t
We
You
They
Boys
9. Had / hadn’t       been coming ?
Have / haven’t
10. came / was coming / had / come / had been coming (past)
came / are coming / have come / have been coming (present)
will come / will be coming / will have come / will have been
coming (future)
We
You
They
Boys
I
11. Had / hadn’t / did / didn’t (past) come ?
Have / haven’t / do / don’t (present) come ?
Will / won’t (future) have come ?
Will / won’t have come ?
12. Was / wasn’t (past) coming ?
Am / Amn’t (present) coming ?
Will / won’t  (futre) be coming ?
13. Had / Had n’t (past) been coming ?
Have / Haven’t (present) have been coming ?
Will / won’t (future)
I
I
I48
PASSIVE VOICE
Present Past & Future Tenses
(Short cuts)
am told. (present)
was told. (past)
will be told. (future)
I
am being told. (pre)
was being told. (past)
I
have been told. (pre)
had been told. (past)
will have been told.(f)
I
is told. (present)
was told. (past)
will be told.(future)
He
She
It
Rama
{
{
{
{
{
<Õ#∞
K≥ѨÊ|_çux.
K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\˜x.
K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï#∞.
<Õ#∞
K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl#∞.
K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂LO\˜x.
<Õ#∞
(WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çLO@x.
(JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çux.
(JѨC_»∞)K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï#∞.
J`«_»∞
P"≥∞
Jk
~å=Ú_»∞
K≥ѨÊ|_çL<åfl_»∞/L#flk.
K≥ѨÊ|_çLO_≥#∞/LO_ç#k.
K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï_»∞/
LO@∞Ok.
{
{
{
{49
is being told. (pre)
was being told. (past)
has been told. (pre)
had been told. (past)
will have been told.(f)
He
She
It
Rama
{
{
are told. (present)
were told. (past)
will be told. (future)
We
You
They
Boys
are being told. (pre)
were being told.(past)
have been told. (pre)
had been told. (past)
will have been told.(f)
{
{
We
You
They
Boys
We
You
They
Boys
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g∞~°∞
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K≥ѨÊ|_çÜ«Ú<åfl=Ú/L<åfl~°∞.
K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞/K≥ѨÊ|_çi.
K≥ѨÊ|_çÜ«ÚO\Ï=Ú/LO\Ï~°∞.
"Õ∞=Ú
g∞~°∞
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K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl=Ú/L<åfl~°∞.
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"Õ∞=Ú
g∞~°∞
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ÉÏÅ∞~°∞
(WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞/|_çi.
(JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞/
       |_çui.
(JѨC_»∞)K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï=Ú/
    LO\Ï~°∞.
{
{
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J`«_»∞
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K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl_»∞/L#flk.
K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂LO_≥#∞/
 LO_ç#k.
{
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(JѨC_»∞)K≥ѨÊ|_çÜ«ÚO\Ï_»∞/
    LO@∞Ok.
{50
SENTENCES
Can you cope with the work?
Late that night.
He had enough.
Over there.
Ofcourse, not.
Far  beyond you.
I wish you would be quite.
Wouldn't you stay a little longer?
If you helped me we could finish the job
quickly.
Would you mind opening the window?
She would be about fifty now, I suppose
He would not answer any
questions.
The engine would not start.
The wound would not heal.
I would prefer stay to at home.
I would rather you stayed at home.
If he were to hear of your marrige he
would be surprised.
If you were to start early
tomorrow morning,
you would be at your destination
by evening.
When would you like me to
come?
She squints in the left Eye.
He means well.
We had better stay here.
Am I to blame?
I said that I should come.
We said that we should go.
I said that he would climb.
She said that she would cook.
He said that they would fall.
I said that he would play well.
They said that he could not pass.
He said that she could not sing.
I said that they could eat well.
He said that the train might come late.
They said that she might not
prepare a curry.
What
What do you say?
What language do you speak?
What is your bed room?
What is your dinner time?
What are you playing?
What are you doing?
What is the type of concert generally?
What do you buy?
What is the rent?
What games do you play?
What is the price of the pickle?
What will you eat?
What is your weekly entertainment?
What instrumental music?
What is its price?
What is your rate for the whole day?
What do you want?
What did you say?
What was it all about?
What is sweeter than honey?
What are those marks on your coat?
What are you? - I am a  doctor.
What is he? - He is an engineer.
What is this?
What other gamed do you play?
What's it that he?
What books have you read?
What is that?
What is he doing?
What is the time now?
Whate will all the neighbours say?
What is that book?
What did he say?
What is that on your coat?
What are you? What is he?
What book did you give me?
Which
Which is your favourite game?
Which book are you reading?
Which way shall we go?51
Which is he? ( nominative)
Which do you prefer? ( Accusative)
Which is the house?
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
Which is the book you gave me?
Which do you prefer?
Which of the questions do you answer?
Which of the boys did this?
I read Ramayana, Which I like much?
I read Sanskrit dramas, Which are good?
Veda is the earliest book, Which
contains all knowledge.
Who
This is my sister who is sick.
Who cleaned the house?
I meet Rama Who just returned
from Kurnool.
This is my friend , who comes
first in the class.
Who is he? ( = What is his name
and family?)
He is Mr. K.P. Roy.
Who conducts the concert?
Who are you?
Who am I?
Who is he?
Who is she?
Who are they?
Who are there?
Who gave you that knife?
Whose is this book?
Who is there?
Who is speaking?
Whom
Whom did you see?
Whom do you want?
To Whom were you speaking?
Of whom do you speak?
Whom do you believe?
Sita is my elder sister, whom I respect.
Srikrishna is a rich man whose
charities amount to a lakh.
Whose is this umbrella?
Whom did you see?
This is the person of whom I
told you.
Whom did you call?
Where
Where do you live? Where are
they going?
Where are you going? Where
are they playing?
Where is the post office?
Where do you play foot ball?
Where is the key for this door?
where did you buy this table ?
Where are you staying?
Where is the laundry?
Where is the market?
Where is the vegetable market?
Where is the light?
Where is the mosquito net?
When
When are you leaving for
Bombay?
When I shall return is
uncertain.
When did you buy this book?
When do you take your lunch?
When did she return?
When will you ring?
When did you buy it?
When do you take your break fast?
When do you repair the tap?
Whose
Whose is that car?
Whose car is that?
The Mahabharata is an epic, whose52
poetry is great, Whose is this book?
Why
Why are you not playing?
Why did you get angry?
Why did this happen?
Why did I get pain?
Why don't you consult an eye
specialist?
Why do you throw it away?
Why did you do it?
I know the reason why he did it?
Why, it is surely Ram!
This is not the time to go into the why
and the wherefore of it.
Why he left  is a mystery.
Why don't you sell it?
How
How many times do you eat daily?
How much does he take for
consultation?
How far is your office from the station?
How he could assist his friend
was his
chief concern.
How do you go to the office?
How big is it?
How did he perform ?
How do you sell these
oranges?
Whether we can start
All
Adjective : All men are mortal. It was
all profit and no loss.
Adverb : He was all one when I saw him.
Pronoun : All spoke in his favour.
Noun : He  lost his all in speculation.
Any :
Adjective : Are there  any witnesses present?
Pronoun : Does any of you know anything about it?
Adverb : Is  that  any better?
As
Adverb : We walked  as fast as we could.
Conjunction : As he was poor I helped him.
Relat.Pron. : She likes the same colour as I do.
Before
Adverb : I have seen you before.
Preposition : He  came before the appointed time.
Conjunction : He went away before I came.
Better
Adjective : I think yours is a better plan.53
Adverb : I  know  better.
Noun : Give place to your betters.
Verb : The boxes with which he provided me
bettered the sample- Froude.
Both
Adjective : You  cannot have it both ways.
Pronoun : Both of them are dead.
Conjunction : Both the cashier and the accountant are
Hindus.
But
Adverb : It is but ( = only) right to admit out
faults.
Preposition : None but (= except) the brave deserves
the fair.
Conjunction : We  tried hard, but did not succeed.
Relat.Pron : There is no one but likes him (= who does
not like him)
Down
Adverb : Down went the " Royal George."
Prepostion : The fire engine came rushing down the
hill.
Adjective : The porter was killed by the down train.
About
Adverb : They wandered about in sheepskins and
goat skins.
Prepostion : There is something pleasing about him.
Above
Adverb : The heavens are above.
Preposition : The moral law is above the civil.
Adjective : Analyse  the above sentence.
Noun : Our blessings come from above.
After
Adverb : They arrived soon after.
Prpositon : He takes after his father.
Adjective : After ages shall sing his glory.
Conjunction : We went away after they had left.
One
Adjective : One day I met him in the street.
Pronoun : The little ones cried for joy.54
Noun : One would think he was mad.
Only
Adjective : It was his only chance.
Adverb : He was only foolish.
Conjunction : Take what I have, only ( = but) let me go.
Over
Adverb : Read it over carefully.
Noun : In one over he took three wickets.
Prepositon : At thirty a change came over him.
Right
Verb : That is a fault that will right itself.
Adjective : He is the right man for the position.
Noun : I ask it as a right.
Adverb : Serves him right! He stood right in my
way.
Round
Adjective : A square peg in a round hole.
Non : The evening was a round of pleasures.
Adverb : He came round to their belief.
Preposition : The earth revolves round the sun.
Verb : We shall round the cape in safety.
Since
Prepositon : Since that day I have not seen him.
Conjunction : Since there's no help, come, let us kiss
and part.
Adverb : I have not seen him since.
So
Adverb : I am so sorry.
Conjunction : He was poor, so they helped him.
Some
Adjective : We must find some way out of it.
Pronoun : Some say one thing and others another.
Adverb : Some thirty chiefs were present.
Still
Verb : With his name the mothers still their
babes.55
Adjective : Still waters run deep.
Noun : Her sobs could be heard in the still of
night.
Adverb : He is still in business.
Little
Adjective : There is little danger in going there.
Noun : Man wants but little here below.
Adverb : He eats very little.
More
Adjective : We want more men like him.
Pronoun : More of us die in bed than out of it.
Adverb : You should talk less and work more.
Much
Adjective : There is much sense in what he says.
Pronoun : Much of it is true.
Adverb : He boasts too much.
Near
Adverb : Draw near and listen.
Propositon : His house is near the temple.
Adjective : He is a near relation.
Verb : The time nears.
Needs
Noun : My needs are few.
Verb : It needs to be done with care.
Adverb : He needs must come.
Neither
Conjunction : Give me neither proverty nor riches.
Adjective : Neither accusation is true.
Pronoun : It is difficult to negotiate where neither
will trust.
Next.
Adjective : I shall see you next Monday.
Adverb : What next ?
No
Adjective : It is no joke.
Adverb : He is no more.
Noun : I will not take no.
Once
Adverb : I was young once.
Conjunction : Once he hesitates we have him.
Noun : Please help me for once.
Either
Adjective : Either bat is good enough
Pronoun : Ask either of them.56
Conjunction : He must either work or starve.
Else
Adjective : I have something else for you.
Adverb : Shall we look anywhere else?
Conjunction : Make haste, else you will miss the train.
Enough :
Adjective : There is time enough and to spare.
Adverb : You know well enough what I mean.
Noun : I have had enough of this.
Even
Adjective : The chances are even.
Verb : Let us even the ground
Adverb : Does he even suspect the danger?
Except
Verb : If we except Hari all are to be blamed.
Prepositon : All the brethren were in Egypt except
Benjamin.
Conjunction : I will not let thee go except (= unless)
thou bless me .
For
Preposition : I can shift for myself
Conjuction : Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good.
Less
Adjective : You are paying less attention to your
studies than you used to do.
Adverb : The soil of Kathiawad is less fertile than
that of Gujerat.
Noun : He wants fifty rupees for that watch.  He
won't be satisfied with less.
Like
Adjective : They are men of like build and stature.
Prepositon: Do not talk like that.
Adverb : Like as a father pitieth his own children.
Noun : We shall not see his like again
Verb : Children like sweets.
Such
Adjective : Don't be in such a hurry.
Pronoun : Such was not my intention.
That
Demonst. Adjective : What is that noise?
Demonst. Pronoun. : That is what I want.
Adverb : I have done that much only.
Relative Pronoun : The evil that men do lives after them.
Conjunction : He  lives that he may eat.57
The
Def.Article : The cat loves comfort.
Adverb : The wiser he is, the better.
Till
Prepostion : Never put off till-to-morrow what you can
do to-day
Conjunction : Do not start till I give the word.
Up
Adverb : Prices are up.
Prepositon : Let us go up the hill
Adjective : The next up train will leave here at 12-30
Noun : They had their ups and downs of fortune.
Well
Noun : Let well alone.
Adjective : I hope you are now well.
Adverb : Well begun is half done.
Interjection : Well, who would have thought it?
What
Inter. Adjective : What evidence have you?
Interjection: What! you don't mean to say so?
Adverb : What does he want?
RelativeP-Noun : Give me what you can. What happened
then, I do not know.
Adverb : What by fie and what by sword, the
whole country was laid waste.
While
Noun : Sit down and rest a while
Verb : They while away their evenings with
books and games.
Conjunction : While a great poet, he is a greater
novelist.58
GRAMMAR
"åHõº=ÚÅ∞ "åx J~°ú=Ú – (x~å‡}=Ú J#QÍ structure ) q^è•#=Ú#∞
|\˜ì <åÅ∞æ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
1. Assertive sentences = q+¨Ü«∞ ã¨∂K«Hõ=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞
2. Interrogative sentences = „Ѩâ◊fl~°∂ѨHõ=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞
e.g : What is your name ?
3. Imperative sentences = q^Œº~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞. Wq P[˝, „áê~°ú#
~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞
e.g: Sit here ( order )
Please give me your pen ( Request)
Don't go there ( Advice or suggestion )
4. Exclamatory sentences = Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞
e.g: What a nice boy you are !
How interesting this novel is ! (Wonder)
Alas! he is ruined
5. Optative  sentences
„áê~°÷#, HÀiHõ
e.g. : May God  bless you.
        Wish you all the best
PARTS OF SPEECH  ÉèÏëê qÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞
1. Noun : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú ( ¿Ñ~°¡#∞ `≥Å∞Ê#k)59
e.g : Krishna Devaraya was a Very great king
2. Pronoun : ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú ( <å=∞"åK«HÍxH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ "å_Õk)
e.g : He etc.,
3. Verb : „H˜Ü«∞, ( Hõ~°ÎÜ≥∞Hõ¯ Ѩxx `≥Å∞Ê#k
e.g : Rama wrote a letter
4. Adverb : „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú
e.g : He wrote it quickly
5. Adjective : qâı+¨}=Ú ( QÆ∞}=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ê#k)
e.g: ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÖ’x great J<Õ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú
6. Conjunction : ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú (XHõ Ѩ^Œ=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ
Ѩ^Œ=Ú`ÀQÍx, XHõ "åHõº=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ "åHõº=Ú`ÀQÍx KÕ~°∞Û
Ѩ^Œ=Ú
e.g: Rama and Lakshmana followed Viswamitra
7. Interjection : Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ=Ú
e.g : Alas ( JÜ≥∂º – ã¨O`åѨ=Ú)
Oh ( FǨϟ – Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú )
8. Preposition : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ W`«~° =ã¨∞Î=Ù`À QÆÅ
ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠qÉèíH˜Î „Ѩ`«ºÜ«∞=Ú =O\˜ Ѩ^Œ=Ú
e.g: The pen is  in the box60
I. KINDS OF NOUN
( <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÖÖ’x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ )
1. Proper Noun : XHõ =∞x+≤Ü≥∞Hõ¯ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞ ÖËHõ XHõ
„Ѩ^Õâ◊=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ¿Ñ~°∞ =∞iÜ«Ú XHõ =ã¨∞Î=Ù ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#k.
Ex : Rama, Krishna, Hyderabad , Chair
2. Common Noun : XˆH ~°Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ÖËHõ
=ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ QÆÅ ™ê^è•~°}"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞.
e.g : boy, girl, village , river etc.,
3. Collective Nouns : H˘O`« ã¨OYºÖ’ =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞QÍx, =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ
QÍx ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚQÍ K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞
e.g : Crowd team, block herd , army, family, nation etc.,
4. Material Nouns : Ѩ^•~°ú <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞
e.g: Iron, Clay, Rice etc.,
5. Abstract Nouns : QÆ∞} qâı+¨º=ÚÅ∞ PHÍ~°=Ú, ÖËHõ
WO„kÜ«∞=ÚÅ KÕ`« `≥eã≤H˘#∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞HÍx ÉèÏ"åÅ¿Ñ~°∞¡
e.g: 1. QÆ∞} ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Goodness, Darkness,
2. K«~°º ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Laughter, theft
3. J=™ê÷ ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Boyhood, Youth
4.  Hõà◊Å∞, âß„ã¨Î=ÚÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# "å\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ #∞O_ç
– Grammar, music,
Abstract Nouns ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ =¸_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ
~°∂á⁄O^Œ∞K«∞#flq. Jq ó61
1. qâı+¨}=ÚÅ #∞O_ç Kindness, honesty
2. „H˜Ü«∞Å #∞O_ç = Obedience ( obey) growth ( grow)
3. ™ê^è•~°} <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ #∞O_ç House of senators
= áêʼnõΩÅ ã¨Éèí
Library of books „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú etc.,
NOUN- GENDER <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – eOQÆ=Ú
1. Masculine Gender = =∞QÆ „áê}∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú
B. H˘xfl =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Ju|Å=O`«=ÚÅ∞, Ç≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú`«=ÚÅ∞
JQÆ∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x Masculine Gender QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜O`«∞~°∞.
e.g: Sun, winter, summer, time
2. Feminine Gender = P_»∞ „áê}∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú
C. H˘xfl =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Juã¨∞O^Œ~°=ÚÅ∞, ™ê^èŒ∞=ÙÅ∞
J~Ú#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Feminine Gender QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜O`«∞~°∞.
e.g: The Moon, The earth, Hope, Spring justice , ship
3. Common Gender = =∞QÆ, P_» Ô~O_çO\˜x QÆ∂iÛ K≥¿ÑÊ
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú
e.g: Parent, Servant, thief, Relative, student
4. Neuter Gender  = =∞QÆ HÍHõ P_»∞ HÍHõ ^ÕxH© K≥O^Œx
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú  (an animate objects)62
e.g: Book, Room, Pen , Tree
A. Collective Nouns r= HÀ\˜x QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨÙÊK«∞#fl#∞ Neuter
gender – QÍ K≥ѨÙÊ@ PKå~°=Ú.
e.g:   A flock of sheep
A body of ministers
NOUN - NUMBER – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =K«#=Ú
1. Singular Number  : Boy, Bench, baby
2. Plural Number : Boys, benches, babies
A. H˘xfl Singular Ѩ^Œ=ÚʼnõΩ Plural ~°∂Ѩ=Ú‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞
=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g. : Sheep, Deer, Cool
B. ã¨OMϺ "åK«Hõ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ UHõ Ѩ^Œ=ÚQÍ#∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x
|Ǩï=K«# ~°∂Ѩ=Ú ‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞. J~Ú`Õ Wq ã¨OYºÅ
`«~°∞"å`« LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g. : pair [`« – [`«Å∞
Dozen, Score, Gross, Hundred, Thousand
C. H˘xfl Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ x`«º|Ǩï=K«#=ÚÅ∞.
(i) H˘xfl ѨiHõ~°=∞ÅÚ ó
e.g. : Bellows, Scissors, Tongs, Pincers, Spectacles
(ii) H˘xfl ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞
e.g. : Trousers, Drawers, Breeches
(iii) H˘xfl ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞63
e.g. : Measles, Mumps
(iv) H˘xfl P@Å∞
e.g..: Billiards
(v) =∞iH˘xfl ~Ú`«~° <å=∞"åK«Hõ=∞ÅÚ ó
e.g. : Animals, Thanks, Proceeds, Tidings, Chattles,
Environs, Nuptials, Obsequies, Assets.
(vi) H˘xfl |Ǩï=K«# ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’x Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞
UHõ=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ  LѨÜ≥∂yOK«|_»∞K«∞#flq.
e.g. : Alms, Piches, Eaves
(vii) q^•ºq+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ |Ǩï=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ =ÙO_ç UHõ
=K«#=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_»∞K«∞#flq.
e.g. : Mathematics, Physics, Machanics, Politics,
(viii) Means J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú UHõ=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞,
|Ǩï=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞, Ô~O_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ
|_»∞#∞. J~Ú`Õ Wealth (Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú) J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#
|Ǩï=K«#"Õ∞.
(ix) H˘xfl Collective Nouns singular =Öˇ HõxÊOz##∞
|Ǩï=K«#=ÚÅ∞
e.g.: Poultry, Cattle, County, People, Peoples.
(x) Abstract Nouns H˜ plural ÖË^Œ∞.  "åxx plural QÍ
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞#ѨÙÊ_»q ™ê^è•~°} <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅQÆ∞K«∞64
H˘O`« J~°úÉèË^Œ=Ú#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.
No Physical  existence;  only feeling
e.g.: Kindness = ^Άǰ
Kindnesses = ^ŒÜ«∞ QÆŠѨ#∞Å∞
(xi) Material Nouns, plural Ö’ "Õ~°∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.
e.g. : Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# <å}ˇ=ÚÅ∞
Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# ã¨OÔHà◊√¡
Tins = `«QÆ~°=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# _»ÉσÅ∞
Woods = J_»=ÙÅ∞ ( H˘Ü«∞º ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞ ã¨÷Å=ÚÅ∞)
Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# q„QÆǨÏ=ÚÅ∞
NOUN - CASE – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – qÉèíH˜Î
POQÆ¡=Ú# qÉèí‰õΩÎÅ∞ (CASES)<åÅ∞æ HõÅ=Ù
1. Nominative Case = „Ѩ^äŒ=∂ qÉèíH˜Î
e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa
2. Objective Case =   kfifÜ«∂ qÉèíH˜Î
e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa
3. Nominative of address = ã¨OÉ’^èŒ<å „Ñ¨^äŒ=∂ qÉèíH˜Î
e.g: Rama, Come here
4. possessive Case = +¨+‘ª qÉèíH˜Î
e.g: Rama's house
Possessive Case U~°Ê_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
a) <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú UHõ=K«#"≥∞ÿÜ«Ú#flѨÙÊ_»∞ z=~° 's'65
HõÅ∞ѨÙ@ =Å#
e.g : Boy's Pencil
b) Wk=~°ˆH  's'  LKåÛ~°} Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flѨÙÊ_»∞  's'  =∞iÜ«Ú
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú |Ǩï=K«#"≥∞ÿ##∞ =∞~°Å 's'  HõÅѨ~°∞.
z=~° ( ' )  QÆ∞~°Î =∂„`«=Ú KÕ~°∞Û^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g : Darkness' Symbol
For Justice' sake
Boys' High School
c) <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ |Ǩï=K«#"≥∞ÿ ^•x z=~°  's' ÖË#ѨÙÊ_»∞
's' HõÅ∞ѨÙ^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g: Children's Hospital;  Men's Hostel
d) <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú |ǨïѨ^ŒÜ«ÚHõÎ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ~¸
QÆ∞~°∞Î PYi Ѩ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ *Ë~°Û=Öˇ#∞.
e.g: The Nizam of Hyderabad's Palace
e) Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ XHõ ^•x`À WOH˘Hõ\˜ L#flѨC_»∞
Ô~O_»= ^•xH˜ D QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕ~°∞Û^Œ∞~°∞.
Dhoni  (the capain of  Indian cricket team.)
f) Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú ^•fi~å
ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«=Ú *ËÜ«∞|_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»= ^•xH˜ ~¸ QÆ∞~°∞Î
KÕ~°∞Û^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g : Sastry & Shah's office
g) nxx r=HÀ\˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ =Öˇ<Õ HÍx66
[_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# ‰õÄ_»^Œ∞.
e.g : Horse's tail
Tables leg  Jx HÍ^Œ∞, Leg of the table Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ#∞.
h) J~Ú`Õ [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ =¸sÎÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞QÍ #∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ =K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : Death's call
Fortune's smile
i) HÍÅ=Ú, ^Œ∂~°=Ú, ÉèÏ~°=Ú `≥Å∞Ѩ٠<å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ
q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞.
e.g : Day's wages
Week's holiday
A foot's length
A pound's weight
Mile's race
j) ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ H˘xfl #∞_ç HÍ~°=ÚÅO^Œ∞ U~°Ê_ç#q.
e.g: Finger's ends, Mercy's sake,
Heart's content, write's end
Boat's crew
k) Possessive case `«~°∞"å`« ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ   house,
school, shop, cathedral "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞
Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞#∞.67
When something is mentioned earlier it need not be
repeated and an apostrophe is enough.
e.g : He is at the Vivekananda's  (College ) In which
college is he working
I purchased the book at Aruna's ( Shop)
Today I am dining at my aunt's ( house)
THE PRONOUN -
ITS KINDS –
ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú – ^•x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞
Pronouns ( ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ) `˘q∞‡k q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
1. Personal Pronouns = =∂#=ÙÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz LѨÜ≥∂yO|_»∞
ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞
e.g: I, We, thou, you, he, she, it , they
2. Possessive Pronouns =
e.g : mine, ours, thine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs68
3. Reflexive pronouns = Hõ~°Î KÕã≤# HÍ~°º=Ú =∞~°Å Hõ~°ÎˆH
uiy =K«∞Û#q.
( Compound personal pronouns)
e.g: You will hurt yourself.
myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, yourselves,
himself, herself, themselves
4. Emphatic ( Emphasizing ) Pronouns  ó XHõѨÙÊ_»∞ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞
<˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ myself, yourself Jx K≥ѨÊ|_»∞#∞.
e.g : I my self did it.
5. Demonstrative Pronouns = "åHõº=ÚÖ’ J~°÷x~°∂Ѩ}‰õΩ
Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å Jx K≥ѨÙÊ#q.
e.g: This, these, that, those, such
6. Indefinite pronouns = =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ, =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ Ñ¶¨ÖÏ<å Jx
K≥ѨʉõΩO_» ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#q.
e.g: Any, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, some,
someone, somebody,
None-noone - nobody
All - one, many, few, others, they, Every one,
Every body
7. Distriputive pronouns = J<ÕHõ =∞Ok ( =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ )Ö’
XHÀ¯Hõ¯xQÍ (XH˘¯Hõ¯\˜ QÍ fã≤H˘x#@∞¡ K≥ѨÙÊ#q)69
e.g: Each, Either, Neither
8. Relative Pronouns = XˆH "åHõº=ÚÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞ L#fl
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú`À ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#q.
e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom, that, as,
9. Interrogative pronouns  ó „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞
e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom
PERSONAL PRONOUNS : =∂#=ÙʼnõΩ K≥Ok# ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ó
(=ºH˜ÎQÆ`«) D PRONOUNS  =¸_»∞ PERSONS QÍ Ü«Ú#flq.
1. First person = (L`«Î=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨=Ú) =∂\Ï¡_»∞ "åxH˜
          K≥O^Œ∞#∞.
e.g : I, we
2. Second person = ( =∞^茺=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨=Ú ) Z^Œ∞@ "åiH˜
              K≥O^Œ∞#k.
e.g: Thou, you
3. Third person = ( „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨=Ú) Z=ix QÆ∞iOz
            =∂\Ï¡_»∞ K«∞O\˜"≥∂ "åix `≥Å∞ѨÙ
            ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú.
e.g : He, She, Thy
a) D Pronoun H˜ number, gender, case LO_»∞#∞.
b) Noun - singular number J~Ú`Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_®
singular QÍ LO_®e. ÖËHõ Noun plural number
J~Ú`Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_® plural QÍ LO_®e.70
c) Nouns U genders Ö’ =¿ãÎ pronoun ‰õÄ_® J^Õ
genders Ö’ =™êÎ~Ú.
d) "They"  ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞ ™ê~°=ÚQÍ Jxfl genders Ö’
"å_»=K«∞Û#∞.
e) Pronouns ‰õΩ Nominative case, possessive
case, objective case ÅÖ’ =¸_»∞ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ#
~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ=Ù.
f) Personal pronouns Ü≥∞Hõ¯ possessive case ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖˇ·#
my, our, they, your, her their J#∞ "å\˜x   possessive
Adjectives Jx  K≥ѨÙÊ^Œ∞~°∞.
g) "It" pronoun   D „H˜Ok ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
1. [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ
 e.g : This is your pencil. Take  it way.
2. [O`«∞=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆÉË^èŒ=Ú K≥ѨÊ^ŒÅz#ѨÙ_»∞
e.g : Rama has a dog. He likes it.
3. z#fl a_»¤Å q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆ ÉèË^Œ=Ú ÖË^Œx  K≥ѨÊ^ŒÅz#ѨÙÊ_»∞
e.g: See that child. It's crying
4. =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ K≥ѨÊ|_ç# q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ =∞~°Å K≥ѨC#ѨÙ_»∞
e.g: He is speaking lies; and he knows it.
5. "åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ# subject `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û K«∞O_»QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ
„H˜Ü«∞ =^ŒÌ `å`å¯eHõ subject QÍ LO_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Introductory71
subject  (it, there)
e.g: It's easy to climb that tree ( to climb
       that tree's easy)
6. `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û Noun QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx <˘H˜¯
K≥ѨÊ=Åã≤#ѨÙÊ_»∞
e.g: It Ravana was who started the war.
7. Impersonal Verb = „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ =K«∞Û Indefinite
pronoun Wk Nominative  case Ö’ =ÙO_»∞#∞.
e.g : It rains.
8. HÍÅ ã¨∂K«Hõ=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ =K«∞Û#∞ .
e.g: It's six 0'
clock.; It's Summer.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS :
1. Nominative case pronoun 'Who'
2. Possessive case pronoun ' Whose'
3. Objective case pronoun 'whom'
4. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«=Ú whom ‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ who ‰<Õ "å_»K«∞<åfl~°∞.
5. 'who' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#O^Õ LѨÜ≥∂yOÑ¨Öˇ#∞.
e.g : Who is speaking?
6. 'Which' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#, [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ
q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# Ô~O\˜Ü«∞O^Œ∞#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
7. 'What' J#∞#k
eg : What do you want? / What is wanted by you ?72
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1. Relative pronouns = Noun `À ã¨O|O^èŒ x~°∂Ѩ}‰õΩ
LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ã¨O|O^è•~°ÌHõ ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅQÆ∞ K«∞#flq.
Jq Who, whom, whose, which, that
2. Ô~O_»∞ z#fl "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ D Relative pronoun ^•fi~å HõÅѨ
=K«∞Û#∞.
3. 'whose' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ q+¨Ü«∞=∞O^Õ HÍHõ, [_» Ѩ^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞
QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : She is a railway passenger, whose box is stolen.
4. 'What' [_»=ã¨∞Î=ÙňH K≥O^Œ∞#∞.
5. 'That' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞, [_» Ѩ^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞
QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞.
6. H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’  'that' Relative pronoun 'who' 'what' J#∞
Interrogative pronouns `«~åfi`« LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.
e.g : What's it that he told you?
7. 'that' J#∞ Relative pronoun superlative degree Ö’
qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ L#flѨÙÊ_»∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ ã¨=Úz`«=Ú
e.g : The wisest man that even lived made mistakes
WHõ¯_» 'who' Hõ<åfl   'that' LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ "Õ∞Å∞
8. Some, any,  none, nothing, the only J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ `«~åfi`«  '
'that' Ѩ^Œ=Ú LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.73
9. My, our, your, his, her, its, their J#∞ D possessive case
pronouns noun `«~åfi`« noun =K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : This is my book
10. mine, ours, yours, his, hers, their J#∞ D possessive
case pronouns `«~°∞"å`« noun   ~å^Œ∞.
e.g : This book is mine
11. Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_®
LáÈÜ«∞yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq
 VERBS( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞)
Blow = gK«∞     Blew  =    gK≥#∞ Blown
Bear = "≥∂Ü«Ú Bore = "≥∂Ãã#∞ Born/ borne
Buy = H˘#∞ Bought= H˘<≥#∞ Bought
Bring = `≥K«∞Û Brought= `≥K≥Û#∞ Brought
Begin = „áê~°OaèOK«∞ Began = „áê~°OaèOK≥#∞ Begun
Burn = HÍÅ∞Ê Burnt = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Burnt
Build = Hõ@∞ì Built = Hõ>ˇì#∞ Built
Dig = „`«=Ùfi Dug = „`«"≥fi#∞ Dug
Do = KÕÜ«Ú Did = KÕÃã#∞ Done
Drink = „`åQÆ∞ Drank = „`åÔQ#∞ Drunk
Draw = ÖÏQÆ∞ Drew = ÖÏÔQ#∞ Drawn
Drive = `ÀÅ∞ Drove = `ÀÖˇ#∞ Driven
Fight = áÈ\Ï¡_»∞ Fought = áÈ\Ï¡_≥#∞ Fought
Find = Hõ#∞Q˘#∞ Found = Hõ#∞Q˘<≥#∞ Found
Feel = `å‰õΩ Felt = `åÔH#∞ Felt
Feed = áÈ+≤OK«∞ Fed = áÈ+≤OK≥#∞ Fed74
Fly = ZQÆ∞~°∞ Flew = ZyÔ~#∞ Flown
Fall = Ѩ_»∞ Fell = Ѩ_≥#∞ Fallen
Lose = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘#∞ Lost = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Lost
Leave = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì Left = q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Left
Run = Ѩ~°∞ÔQ@∞ì Ran = Ѩ~°∞ÔQ>ˇì#∞ Run
Ride = ™êfisKÕÜ«Ú Rode = ™êfisKÕÃã#∞ Ridden
Ring = "≥∂yOK«∞ Rang = "≥∂yOK≥#∞ Rung
Read = K«^Œ∞=Ù Read = K«k"≥#∞ Read
Keep = LOK«∞ Kept = LOK≥#∞ Kept
Know = `≥eã≤H˘#∞ Knew = `≥eã≤H˘<≥#∞ Known
Eat = u#∞ Ate = u<≥#∞ Eaten
Creep = „áê‰õΩ Crept = „áêÔH#∞ Crept
Bind = x~°ƒOkèOK«∞ Bound = x~°ƒOkèOK≥#∞ Bound
Bleed = <≥`«∞Î~°∞HÍ~°∞ Bled = <≥`«∞Î~°∞HÍÔ~#∞ Bled
Bid = P*Ï˝Ñ≤OK«∞ Bade = P*Ï˝Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Bidden
Beat = H˘@∞ì Beat = H˘>ˇì#∞ Beaten
Bite = H˘~°∞‰õΩ Bit = H˘iÔH#∞ Bitten
Bread = Hõ#∞ Bred = Hõ<≥#∞ Bred
Dream = HõÅHõ#∞ Dreamt = HõÅHõ<≥#∞ Dreamt
Dwell = x=ã≤OK«∞ Dwelt = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Dwelt
See = K«∂K«∞ Saw = K«∂K≥#∞ Seen
Speak = =∂\Ï¡_»∞ Spoke = =∂\Ï¡_≥#∞ Spoken
Spend = Y~°∞ÛKÕÜ«Ú Spent = Y~°∞ÛKÕÃã#∞ Spent
Sell = J=Ú‡ Sold = J"≥∞‡#∞ Sold
Sit = ‰õÄ~˘Û#∞ Sat = ‰õÄ~˘Û<≥#∞ Sat
Sink = =Ú#∞QÆ∞ Sank = =ÚxÔQ#∞ Sunk75
Sing = áê_»∞ Sang = áê_≥#∞ Sung
Shake = Hõ^ŒÅ∞Û Shook = Hõ^ŒÖˇÛ#∞ Shaken
Spring = ^Œ∂‰õΩ Sprang = ^Œ∂ÔH#∞ Sprung
Steal = ^˘OyeOK«∞ Stole = ^˘OyeOK≥#∞ Stolen
Sting = ‰õΩ@∞ì Stung = ‰õΩ>ˇì#∞ Stung
Strike = H˘@∞ì Struck = H˘>ˇì#∞ Struck
Send = ѨOѨ٠Sent = ѨOÃÑ#∞ Sent
Sleep = x„kOK«∞ Slept = x„kOK≥#∞ Slept
Smel = "åã¨#K«∂K«∞ Smelt = "åã¨# K«∂K≥#∞ Smelt
Spell = =~°‚„Hõ=∞=ÚK≥ѨÙÊ Spelt = =~°‚„Hõ=∞=Ú K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Spelt
Sweep = `«∞_»∞K«∞ Swept = `«∞_çK≥#∞ Swept
Take = fã≤H˘#∞ Took = fã≤H˘<≥#∞ Taken
Tear = zOK«∞ Tore = zOK≥#∞ Torn
Throw = qã¨~°∞ Threw = qã≤Ô~#∞ Thrown
Teach = É’kèOK«∞ Taught = É’kèOK≥#∞ Taught
Think = PÖ’zOK«∞ Thought= PÖ’zOK≥#∞ Thought
Win = ÔQÅ∞K«∞ Won = ÔQeK≥#∞ Won
Weave = <ÕÜ«Ú Wove = <ÕÃã#∞ Woven
Wear = ^èŒiOK«∞ Wore = ^èŒiOK≥#∞ Worn
Write = „"åÜ«Ú Wrote = „"åÃã#∞ Written
Tell = K≥ѨÙÊ Told = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Told
Say = K≥ѨÙÊ Said = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Said
Seek = "≥^Œ‰õΩ Sought = "≥^ŒÔH#∞ Sought
Shrink = =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩxáÈ=Ù Shrank = =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Shrunk
Slay = K«OѨ٠Slew = K«OÃÑ#∞ Slain
Spin = ^•~°=ÚfÜ«Ú Spun = ^•~°=ÚfÃã#∞ Spun76
Sling = qã¨~°∞ Slung = qÃãÔ~#∞ Slung
Smite = H˘@∞ì Smote = H˘>ˇì#∞ Smitten
Stick = JuH˜OK«∞ Stuck = JuH˜OK≥#∞ Stuck
Swear = „Ѩ=∂}=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Swore = „Ѩ=∂}=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Sworn
Stride = ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Strode = ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞
"ÕÜ«ÚK«∂ #_»K«∞ "Õã≤ #_»K≥#∞ Stridden
Swim = D^Œ∞ Swam = D^≥#∞ Swum
Strive = QÆ\˜ìQÆ „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«∞ Strove / Strived =QÆ\˜ìQÆ „Ѩܫ∞uflOK≥#∞
Striven/ Strived
Swing = TQÆ∞ Swung = TÔQ#∞ Swung
Sew = ‰õΩ@∞ì Sewed = ‰õΩ>ˇì#∞ Sewn
Become = JQÆ∞ Became = JÜ≥∞º#∞ Become
Beseech = „|u=∂Å∞H˘#∞ Besought = „|u=∂Å∞H˘<≥#∞ Besought
Beget = Hõ#∞ Begot = Hõ<≥#∞ Begotten
Behold = K«∂K«∞ Beheld = K«∂K≥#∞ Beheld
Deal = =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Dealt = =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Dealt
Fling = qã¨~°∞ Flung = qã¨Ô~#∞ Flung
Forbid = =^ŒÌ#∞ Forbode= =^ŒÌ<≥#∞ Forbidden
Forbear = ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Forbore= ã¨Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Forborne
Forsake = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì Forsoke = q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Forsaken
Forget = =∞~°záÈ=Ù Forgot = =∞~°záÈÜ≥∞#∞ Forgotten
Hang = „"ÕÖÏ_»∞ Hung/ hanged = "ÕÖÏ_≥#∞ Hung/
hanged  (When death is casused by
hanging)
Hold = Ѩ@∞ìH˘#∞ Held = Ѩ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ held
Hide = ^•QÆ∞H˘#∞ Hid = ^•QÆ∞H˘<≥#∞ Hidden
Kneel = "≥∂HÍà◊§ÃÑ· =OQÆ∞ Knelt = "≥∂HÍà◊¡ÃÑ· =OÔQ#∞ Knelt77
Overcome = JkèQÆq∞OK«∞ Overcame = JkèQÆq∞OK≥#∞ Overcome
Rend = pÅ∞Û Rent = pÖˇÛ#∞ Rent
Understand= J~°ú=ÚKÕã≤H˘#∞ Understood=J~°ú=Ú KÕã≤H˘<≥#∞
Understood
Mean = J~°ú=∞QÆ∞ Meant =  J~°ú=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Meant
Lead = ^•iK«∂Ѩ٠Led = ^•iK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Led
Stand = xÅ∞K«∞ Stood = xÅK≥#∞ Stood
Love = „¿Ñq∞OK«∞ Loved = „¿Ñq∞OK≥#∞ Loved
Like = W+¨ìѨ_»∞ Liked = W+¨ìѨ_≥#∞ Liked
Laugh = #=Ùfi Laughed=#"≥fi#∞ Laughed
Live = x=ã≤OK«∞ Lived = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Lived
Link = =Ú_çÃÑ@∞ì Linked = =Ú_çÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Linked
Load = |~°∞=Ù"ÕÜ«Ú Loaded= |~°∞=Ù"ÕÃã#∞ Loaded
Fill = xOѨ٠Filled = xOÃÑ#∞ Filled
Fail = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ Failed = `«ÃÑÊ#∞ Failed
Fear = |Ü«∞Ѩ_»∞ Feared = |Ü«∞Ѩ_≥#∞ Feared
Fire = HÍÅ∞Û Fired = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Fired
Free = q_çÑ≤OK«∞ Fred = q_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Freed
Found = ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞ Founded = ™ê÷Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Founded
Guess = TÇ≤ÏOK«∞ Guessed = TÇ≤ÏOK≥#∞ Guessed
Gift = |Ǩ˙HõiOK«∞ Gifted = |Ǩ˙HõiOK≥#∞ Gifted
Gain = ÖÏÉèí=Úá⁄O^Œ∞ Gained = ÖÏÉèí=Ú á⁄O^≥#∞ Gained
Jump = ^Œ∂‰õΩ Jumped= ^Œ∂ÔH#∞ Jumped
Judege = f~°∞ÊK≥ѨÙÊ Judged = f~°∞ÊK≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Judged
Move = Hõ^ŒÅ∞ Moved = Hõ^ŒÖˇ#∞ Moved
Merge = HõÅã≤áÈ=Ù Merged= Hõeã≤áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Merged78
Miss = `«Ñ≤ÊáÈ=Ù Missed = `«Ñ≤ÊáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Missed
Melt = Hõ~°∞QÆ∞ Melted = HõiÔQ#∞ Melted
Mow = HÀÜ«Ú Mowed = HÀÃã#∞ Mowed
Manage = #_çÑ≤OK«∞ Managed = #_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Managed
Mend = ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÜ«Ú Mended= ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÃã#∞ Mended
Mind = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#∞ Minded = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Minded
Mint = <å}ˇ=ÚÅ#∞ Minted = <å}ˇ=ÚÅ#∞
=Ú„^Œ"ÕÜ«Ú =Ú„^Œ"ÕÃã#∞ Minted
Call = Ñ≤ÅK«∞ Called = Ñ≤ÅK≥#∞ Called
Care = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Cared = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Cared
Curse = â◊Ñ≤OK«∞ Cursed = â◊Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Cursed
Consult = ã¨ÅǨfã¨∞H˘#∞ Consulted = ã¨ÅǨfã≤H˘<≥#∞ Consulted
Cane = ɡ`«Î=Ú`À H˘@∞ì Caned = ɡ`≥Î=Ú`À H˘>ˇì#∞ Caned
Crush = #Å∞QÆ H˘@∞ì Crushed = #Å∞QÆH˘@ì|_≥#∞ Crushed
Chide = u@∞ì Chided = u>ˇì#∞ Chided
Clothe = |@ìÅ∞"Õã≤H˘#∞ Clothed = |@ìÅ∞ "Õã≤H˘<≥#∞ Clothed
Cease = xÅ∞Ѩ٠Ceased= xÅ∞Ѩ٠KÕÃã#∞ Ceased
Content =  `«$Ñ≤ÎK≥O^Œ∞ Contented= `«$Ñ≤ÎK≥O^≥#∞ Contented
Contribute = K«O^•WK«∞Û Contributed=K«O^• WK≥Û#∞ Contributed
Convince= XÑ≤ÊOK«∞ Convinced= XÑ≤ÊOK≥#∞ Convinced
Crown = Ѩ\Ïìaè¿+Hõ=Ú Crowned = Ѩ\Ïìaè¿+Hõ=Ú
KÕÜ«Ú KÕÃã#∞ Crowned
Credit = [=∞Hõ@∞ì Credited = [=∞Hõ>ˇì#∞ Credited
Converse = =∂@ÖÏ_»∞ Conversed= =∂\Ï¡_≥#∞ Conversed
Converge = XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_»∞ Converged= XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_≥#∞ Converged
Consecrate= Ѩq„`«=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Consecrated =Ѩq„`«=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Consecrated79
Consist = ‰õÄ_çLO_»∞ Consisted= ‰õÄ_çLO_≥#∞ Consisted
Congratulate=Jaè#OkOK«∞ Congratulated=Jaè#OkOK≥#∞ Congratulated
Connive = K«∂ã≤K«∂_»#@∞¡O_»∞ Connived = K«∂ã≤K«∂_»#@∞¡O_≥#∞ Connived
Comprise= HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Comprised= HõeyÜ«ÚO_≥#∞ Comprised
Compromise= ~årѨ_»∞ Compromised=~årѨ_≥#∞ Compromised
Deliver = JO^ŒKÕÜ«Ú Delivered=JO^ŒKÕÃã#∞ Delivered
Delay = PÅ㨺=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Delayed= PÅ㨺O KÕÃã#∞ Delayed
Decide = x~°‚~ÚOK«∞ Decided = x~°‚~ÚOK≥#∞ Decided
Discuss = K«iÛOK«∞ Discussed=K«iÛOK≥#∞ Discussed
Dress = ^èŒiOK«∞ Dressed= ^èŒiOK≥#∞ Dressed
Doubt = J#∞=∂xOK«∞ Doubted= J#∞=∂xOK≥#∞ Doubted
Design = HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú Designed=HõÅÊ# KÕÃã#∞ Designed
Desert = q_»z"ÕÜ«Ú Deserted=q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Deserted
Deprive = ÖˉõΩO_»KÕÜ«Ú Deprived=ÖˉõΩO_®KÕÃã#∞ Deprived
Devote = qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Devoted=qxÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Devoted
Derive = á⁄O^Œ∞@ Derived= á⁄O^≥#∞ Derived
Determine= xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Determined=xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Determined
Describe = =i‚OK«∞ Described= =i‚OK≥#∞ Described
Disappoint = x~åâ◊K≥O^Œ∞ Dissappointed=x~åâ◊K≥O^≥#∞ Disappointed
Differ = ÉË^èŒ=ÚK«∂Ѩ٠Differed= ÉË^èŒ=ÚK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Differed
Drench = `«_çÜ«Ú Drenched=`«_çÃã#∞ Drenched
Deviate = =∂~°æ=Ú#∞O_ç Deviated = =∂~°æ=Ú#∞O_ç
`«Ñ¨ÙÊ `«ÃÑÊ#∞ Deviated
Disgrace = J==∂xOK«∞ Disgraced = J==∂xOK≥#∞ Disgraced
Foil = ÉèíOQÆ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Foiled = ÉèíOQÆ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Foiled
Inform = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú Informed = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÃã#∞ Informed80
Invite = PǨfixOK«∞ Invited = PǨfixOK≥#∞ Invited
Invent = HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú Invented = HõÅÊ#KÕÃã#∞ Invented
Interfere = *’eH˜ áÈ=Ù Interfered = *’eH˜áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Interfered
Injure = QÍÜ«∞Ѩ~°K«∞ Injured = QÍÜ«∞Ѩ~°K≥#∞ Injured
Inhabit = x=ã≤OK«∞ Inhabited= x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Inhabited
Ignore = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Ignored = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_≥#∞Ignored
Inherit = "å~°ã¨`«fi=Ú=Å# Inherited = "å~°ã¨`«fi=Ú=Å#
á⁄O^Œ∞ á⁄O^≥#∞ Inherited
Irritate = HÀѨ=Ú Ñ¨Ù\˜ìOK«∞ Irritated = HÀѨ=Ú Ñ¨Ù\˜ìOK≥#∞ Irritated
imitate = J#∞HõiOK«∞ imitated= J#∞HõiOK≥#∞ imitated
Intimate = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú intimated = `≥eÜ«∞*ËÃã#∞ Intimated
Inquire = qKåiOK«∞ Inquired= qKåiOK≥#∞ Inquired
Induce = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Induced= „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Induced
Inspire = „¿Ñ~°}HõÅ∞QÆ*ËÜ«Ú Inspired = „¿Ñ~°} HõÅ∞QÆKÕÃã#∞ Inspired
Implicate = z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ@∞ì Implicated= z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Implicated
Impose = qkèOK«∞ Imposed = qkèOK≥#∞ Imposed
Incline = "≥∂QÆ∞æK«∂ѨÙ, "åÅ∞ Inclined = "≥∂QÆ∞æK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Inclined
Indulge = ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K«∞ Indulged = ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ΠѨ~°K≥#∞ Indulged
Intrude = K˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞áÈ=Ù Intruded = K˘K«∞ÛH˘x"≥à‹§#∞ Intruded
Involve = HõeÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Involved = HõeÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Involved
Invade = ^ŒO_≥`«∞Î Invaded= ^ŒO_≥`≥Î#∞ Invaded
Intend = L^ÕÌtOK«∞ Intended = L^ÕÌtOK≥#∞ Intended
Instruct = LѨ^ÕtOK«∞ Instructed= LѨ^ÕtOK≥#∞ Instructed
Insure = cè=∂ KÕÜ«Ú Insured= cè=∂ KÕÃã#∞ Insured
Interrupt = J_»¤yOK«∞ Interrupted= J_»¤yOK≥#∞ Interrupted
Issue = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û Issued = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Issued81
Promise = "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Promised = "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Promised
Pay = K≥e¡OK«∞ Paid = K≥e¡OK≥#∞ Paid
Prove = x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞ Proved = x~°∂Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Proved
Pain = ÉÏ^èŒHõeyOK«∞ Pained = ÉÏ^èŒHõeyOK≥#∞ Pained
Perish = <åâ◊#=∞QÆ∞ Perished = <åâ◊#=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Perished
Prepare = `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«Ú Prepared = `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÃã#∞ Prepared
Pretend = #\˜OK«∞ Pretended = #\˜OK≥#∞ Pretended
Prevent = PѨÙKÕÜ«Ú Prevented = PѨÙKÕÃã#∞ Prevented
Promote = =$kúKÕÜ«Ú Promoted = =$kúKÕÃã#∞ Promoted
Pawn = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pawned= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Pawned
Pledge = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pledged= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Pledged
Produce = L`«ÊuÎKÕÜ«Ú Produced = L`«ÊuÎKÕÃã#∞ Produced
Push = ÔQO@∞ Pushed= QÆO>ˇ#∞ Pushed
Prohibit = x¿+kèOK«∞ Prohibited = x¿+kèOK≥#∞ Prohibted
Preserve= *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÃÑ@∞ì Preserved = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Preserved
Reduce = `«yæOK«∞ Reduced= `«yæOK≥#∞ Reduced
Regret = qKåiOK«∞ Regretted  = qKåiOK≥#∞ Regretted
Respect = Q“~°qOK«∞ Respected = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Respected
Reverse = `«Å„H˜O^Œ∞KÕÜ«Ú Reversed  = `«Å„H˜O^Œ∞KÕÃã#∞ Reversed
Revert = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uѨÙÊ Reverted = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uѨÊ|_≥#∞Reverted
Review = uiy ѨsH˜∆OK«∞ Reviewed = uiy ѨiH˜∆OK≥#∞ Reviewed
Resolve = xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Resolved = xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Resolved
Repose = LOK«∞ Reposed = LOK≥#∞ Reposed
Restrict = x|O^èŒ#Ö’ LOK«∞ Restricted= x|O^èŒ#Ö’ LOK≥#∞Restricted
Restrain = J_»¤yOK«∞ Restrained= J_»¤yOK≥#∞ Restrained
Refer = =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞ Referred = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ
=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨OѨ٠       Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨OÃÑ#∞  Reffered82
Regard = Q“~°qOK«∞ Regarded = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Regarded
Relate = ã¨O|OkèOK«∞ Related= ã¨O|OkèOK≥#∞ Related
Believe = #=Ú‡ Believed = #"≥∞‡#∞ Believed
Kill = K«OѨ٠Killed = K«OÃÑ#∞ Killed
Kick = `«#∞fl Kicked = `«<≥fl#∞ Kicked
Need = J=ã¨~°=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞ Needed = J=ã¨~°=Ú HõeÔQ#∞ Needed
Note = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú Noted = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú
„"åã≤H˘#∞ „"åã≤H˘<≥#∞ Noted
Erode = fã≤"ÕÜ«Ú Eroded = ux"ÕÃã#∞ Eroded
Boycot = "≥e"ÕÜ«Ú Boycotted = "≥e"ÕÃã#∞ Boycotted
Add = HõÅ∞Ѩ٠Added = HõeÃÑ#∞ Added
Advise = ã¨ÅǨxK«∞Û Advised= ã¨ÅǨxK≥Û#∞ Advised
Accuse =  xO^•~ÀѨ}KÕÜ«Ú Accused = xO^•~ÀѨ} KÕÃã#∞ Accused
Agree = XѨÙÊH˘#∞ Agreed = XѨÙÊH˘<≥#∞ Agreed
Accept = ã¨=∞‡uOK«∞ Accepted= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Accepted
Absent = Ǩ[~°∞HÍHõáÈ=Ù Absented= Ǩ[~°∞HÍHõáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Absented
Adopt = ^Œ`«Î`« KÕã≤H˘#∞ Adopted = ^Œ`«Î`« KÕã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Adopted
Adjust = ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ Adjusted = ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Adjuste
Apply = ^Œ~°MÏã¨∞ÎÃÑ@∞ì Applied = ^Œ~°MÏã¨∞ÎÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Applied
Appoint = xÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Appointed = xÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Appointed
Attain = KÕ~°∞ Attained= KÕÔ~#∞ Attained
Attend = Ǩ[~°QÆ∞ Attended = Ǩ[~°Ü≥∞º#∞ Attended
Attach = KÕ~°∞Û Attached = KÕÔ~Û#∞ Attached
Allow = ã¨=∞‡uOK«∞ Allowed= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Allowed
Amuse = q<À^Œ=Ú Amused = q<À^Œ=Ú
HõÅ∞QÆKÕÜ«Ú HõÅ∞QÆKÕÃã#∞ Amused
Accomplish= ™êkèOK«∞ Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞83
Accomplish= ™êkèOK«∞ Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞   Accomplished
Bury = áêuÃÑ@∞ì Buried = áêuÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Buried
Base = P^è•~°=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Based = P^è•~°=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Based
Encourage = „áÈ`«ûǨÏq∞K«∞Û Encouraged=„áÈ`åûǨÏq∞K≥Û#∞encouraged
Envelop = HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÜ«Ú Enveloped = HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÃã#∞Enveloped
Escape = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Escaped = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Escaped
Exclude = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨ٠Excluded = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙKÕÃã#∞
     Excluded
Exempt = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙKÕÜ«Ú Exempted = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨ٠KÕÃã#∞
   Exempted
Experience= J#∞Éèí∂uK≥O^Œ∞ Experienced=J#∞Éèí∂uK≥O^≥#∞ Experienced
Enlarge= ÃÑOK«∞ Enlarged = ÃÑOK≥#∞ Enlarged
Engage = ѨxÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ Engaged = ѨxÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Engaged
Embrace = H“QÆeOK«∞H˘#∞ Embraced= H“QÆeOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Embraced
Encroach = Ju„Hõq∞OK«∞áÈ=Ù Encroached=Ju„Hõq∞OzáÈÜ≥∞#∞Encroached
Employ = L^ÀºQÆq∞K«∞Û Employed = L^ÀºQÆq∞K≥Û#∞ Employed
Enjoy = ã¨∞dOK«∞ Enjoyed= ã¨∞dOK≥#∞ Enjoyed
Express = =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Expressed= =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÃã#∞   Expressed
Expose = |Ü«∞@ÃÑ@∞ì Exposed= |Ü«∞@ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Exposed
Emerge = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ=K«∞Û Emerged=|Ü«∞@‰õΩ  =K≥Û#∞ Emerged
Exhaust= `«~°QÆH˘@∞ì Exhausted = `«~°QÆ H˘>ˇì#∞         Exhausted
Heap = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ@∞ì Heaped = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Heaped
Hint = ã¨∂zOK«∞ Hinted = ã¨∂zOK≥#∞ Hinted
Hurry = `˘O^Œ~°Ñ¨_»∞ Hurried = `˘O^Œ~°Ñ¨_≥#∞ Hurried
Heal = =∂#∞ Healed = =∂<≥#∞ Healed
Lick = <å‰õΩ Likced = <åÔH#∞ Licked
Lash = H˘~°_»`ÀH˘@∞ì Lashed = H˘~°_®`ÀH˘>ˇì#∞ Lashed84
Marry = ÃÑo¡KÕã¨∞H˘#∞ Married= ÃÑo§KÕã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Married
Occupy = P„Hõq∞OK«∞ Occupied = P„Hõq∞OK≥#∞ Occupied
Occur = ã¨OÉèíqOK«∞ Occured= ã¨OÉèíqOK≥#∞ Occured
Obey = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Obeyed = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Obeyed
Ostruct = J_»∞¤ÃÑ@∞ì Obstructed=J_»∞¤ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Obstructed
Offend = HÀѨ=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Offended = HÀѨ=Ú HõeyOK≥#∞ Offended
Object = ‰õÄ_»^Œ#∞ Objected = ‰õÄ_»^Œ<≥#∞ Objected
Oblige = x~°ƒùOkOK«∞ Obliged= x~°ƒùkOK≥#∞ Obliged
Prolong = á⁄_çyOK«∞ Porlonged = á⁄_çyOK≥#∞ Prolonged
Prompt = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Prompted = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Prompted
Queue = =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ|_»∞ Queued = =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ|_≥#∞ Queued
Quicken = K«∞~°∞‰õΩ^Œ#=Ú#∞ѨÙ\˜ìOK«∞ Quickened=K«∞~°∞‰õΩ^Œ#=Ú#∞ ѨÙ\˜ìOK≥#∞
Quickened
Renounce = Ѩi`«ºlOK«∞ Renounced= Ѩi`«ºlOK≥#∞ Renounced
Rent = J^≥̉õΩ WK«∞Û Rented = J^≥̉õΩ WK≥Û#∞ Rented
Study = K«^Œ∞=Ù Studied= K«k"≥#∞ Studied
Show = K«∂Ѩ٠Showed= K«∂K≥#∞ Showed
Swell = L|∞ƒ Swelled= Lɡƒ#∞ Swelled
Satisfy = `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K«∞ Satisfied = `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K≥#∞ Satisfied
Seal = =Ú„^Œ"ÕÜ«Ú Sealed = =Ú„^Œ"ÕÃã#∞ Sealed
Seize = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ Seized = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ
ÖÏH˘¯#∞ ÖÏH˘¯<≥#∞ Seized
Secure = ã¨OáêkOK«∞@Ö’« Secured = ã¨OáêkOK«∞@Ö’
Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞º_»QÆ∞ Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞º_»Ü≥∞º#∞ Secured
Supply = ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~åKÕÜ«Ú Supplied = ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~åKÕÃã#∞ Supplied
Start = |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°∞ Started= |Ü«∞Å∞^ÕÔ~#∞ Started
Starve = PHõe`ÀLO_»∞ Starved= PHõe`ÀLO_≥#∞ Starved
Slow = <≥=∞‡kKÕÜ«Ú Slowed = <≥=∞‡kKÕÃã#∞ Slowed85
Sum = ã¨OˆH∆Ѩ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Summed = ã¨OˆH∆Ѩ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Summed
Sip = ÃÑ^Œ=ÙÅ`À Ñ‘Å∞Û Sipped = ÃÑ^Œ=ÙÅ`À Ñ‘ÖˇÛ#∞ Sipped
Surrender = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Surrendered=ÖÁOyáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Surrendered
Supervise = ÃÑ·#qKå~°}KÕÜ«Ú Supervised= ÃÑ·#qKå~°} KÕÃã#∞ Supervised
Specify = Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å JxK≥ѨÙÊSpecified=Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å Jx
K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Specified
Supplement= ѨiѨÓiÎH˘~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞Û Supplemented=ѨiѨÓiÎH˘~°‰õΩ
 KÕÔ~Û#∞ Supplemented
Train = tHõ∆} WK«∞Û Trained = tHõ∆} WK≥Û#∞ Trained
Try = „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«∞ Tried = „Ѩ~ÚuflOK≥#∞ Traied
Testify = ™êHõ∆ºq∞K«∞Û Testified= ™êHõ∆ºq∞K≥Û#∞ Testified
Unite = HõeÜ«Ú United = HõeÃã#∞ United
Want = HÀ~°∞ Wanted= HÀÔ~#∞ Wanted
Warn = ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK«∞ Warned= ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK≥#∞ Warned
Worry = HõOQÍ~°∞Ѩ_»∞ Worried= HõOQÍ~°∞Ѩ_≥#∞ Worried
Wish = "åOzèOK«∞ Wished= "åOzèOK≥#∞ Wished
Greet = Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞ `≥Å∞Ê Greeted = Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞ `≥ÖˇÊ#∞ Greeted
e.g : This book is mine
11. Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_®
LáÈÜ«∞yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq
THE VERB –  –  –  –  – „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ÅÖ’ ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú
(Intransitive) Åx L#flq
1. ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ( object) HõÅq.
e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball
2. JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ( object) ÖËq.86
Active Voice
S.NO.   Tense         No. Sub Verb Obj
1. Simple Singular Sita sings a song.
Present  Plural They Sell Radios.
2. Present S Anil is driving a car.
Coonti P We are plays.
Staging
3. Present S She has Known the fact.
Perfect P many have them.
                students  helped
4. Simple S Keats wrote this Poem.
past P They built many
houses.
5. Past S Kiran Was A new
Cont             drawing Picture.
P Some Were dance.
girls Practising87
PASSIVE VOICE
Sub Agent Be Form Verb (PP) Prep Obj Agent
A song is Sung by Sita
Radios. Are Sold by them
 A car is being driven by Anil
Plays are being Staged by us.
The fact has been Known to her.
They have been helped by Many
students.
The Poem Was Written by Keats.
Many houses Were built by them.
A New picture Was being drawn by Kiran.
Dance Was being Practised - -88
S.No. Tense No sub Verb Obj
06. Past S Raman had won The title.
Perfect
P They had the
defeated English.
07. Simple S She will note the points.
Future
P We will (Shall) a seminar
arrange
08. Future S She         will have        her project
Perfect                Completed report.
P They will  have the
fulfilled conditions.
09. Can/ * we can do it.
May
* They may win the Match.
10. Imperative * Do it        immediately.
* Please remove the Shoes.
11. Wh, Q's S Who wrote this poem?
P Where did you my glasses?
keep
12. Yes / No S Do you Know her?
   Q'S
P Have you returned the books?89
Sub Agent Be Form Verb (PP) Prep Obj Agent
The title had been won by Ramana.
The english had been defeated by them.
The Points Will be noted by her.
A  Seminar will be arranged by us.
Her Project Will have Completed by her.
report been
The will have fulfilled by them.
Conditions been
It Can be done by us.
The may Won by them.
match be
Let it be done            immediately.
You are      requested to remove the shoes.
By whom was this  Poem written?
Where Were my glasses kept (by you)?
Is she Known to you?
Have the books    been returned (by you)?90
THE VERB – „H˜Ü«∞
„H˜Ü«∞ÅÖ’ ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú (Intransitive) Åx
L#flq
1. ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ( object) HõÅq.
e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball
2. JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ( object) ÖËq.
e.g: The Moon shines
3. Rama gave him pencil WHõ¯_» pencil J#∞#k Direct object,
him J#∞#k Indirect object
4. Ô~O_»∞ objects fã¨∞H˘x „H˜Ü«∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ = Ask, bring, give,
bend, offer, promise, send, show,  teach, tell.
5. gxÖ’ ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ "≥Ú^Œ@ =K«∞Û#k =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ, q∞QÆ`åq
=ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ K≥Ok#qQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.
6. KåÅ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Transitive QÍ#∞,   Intransitive QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_®
LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_»∞#∞.
7. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞ÖˇÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞#∞ Come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie, =O\˜q
- objects #∞ fã≤H˘#=Ù.  Wq ZšѨÙÊ_»∞ Intransitive QÍ<Õ
LO_»∞#∞.91
8. =∞iH˘xfl Intransitive verbs `«=∞`À prepositions fã≤H˘x
Transitive verbs QÍ =∂~°∞#∞.
e.g : Look at this picture
9. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅÖ’ XH˘¯Hõ¯™êi Hõ~°ÎÜ«Ú, Hõ~°‡Ü«Ú,
XHõ\˜QÍ<Õ Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.
e.g : The man killed himself
VERB WITH COMPLEMENTS
ѨÓ~°Hõ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ QÆÅ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞
1. Subjecitve complements = Look, Seem, appear,
e.g: Rama seems happy
He is a boy ;
He is  lazy
Wq Intransitive verb `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û#∞
2. Objective Complements =
e.g: Boys chose Rama their  leader
His parents named him Rama
The magistrate found him guilty
3. D Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ Complements #∞  fã≤H˘#∞ „H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ
Verbs  of Incomplete predication Jx¿Ñ~°∞
VERB- TENSE
Indefinit Continuous Perfect     Perfect - Continuous
Present I love am  loving I have    I have been loving92
loved
Past I loved I was  loving I had loved    I had been loving
Future I shall love I shall be I shall have  I shall have been
loving loved      loving
PRESENT INDEFINITE
1.   JxtÛ`«"≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ"åÅ#∞ D „H˜Ok q^èŒ=ÚQÍ „ѨHõ\˜OK«=K«∞Û#∞
2. ã¨~°fiHÍb# ã¨`«º=ÚÅ∞. J#QÍ Jxfl HÍÅ=ÚÅO^Œ∞#∞
[~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩ#∞Å∞.
e.g : The snow falls in winter
3. â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~°÷º=ÚÅ∞, JÅ"å@∞¡, PKå~°=ÚÅ∞
e.g : The cat kills rats , He goes to bed early
4. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ã≤÷u ó   every day, regularly, daily, always,
e.g: He is a boy
 He is an engineer
5. JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞ Ѩ#∞Å∞ ó Ex : We play foot ball on
every sunday
6. P[˝Å∞– „áê~°ú#Å∞  Ex : Post this letter
7. XHõ „QÆO^äŒ=Ú#∞ QÍx, ~°K«~Ú`«#∞QÍx L^ŒÇ¨ÏiOK«∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞
e.g : The Bible says
8. QÆ_»z# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ Hõ#∞ʼnõΩ QÆ\˜ì#@∞¡QÍ =i‚Oz K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞93
=ÚYº=ÚQÍ Hõ^äŒÅÖ’, <å@Hõ=ÚÅÖ’
( Historical present)
e.g : Now, the devils enter
9. Éèíq+¨º^Œ~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ
e.g : tomorrow  my father leaves for Bombay
II PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Real present tense)
1. D „H˜Ü«∞KÕ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩxx QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ@
[~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
Now, always, at present
e.g : I am loving
2. ã¨g∞Ѩ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ [~°∞QÆÉ’=٠Ѩxx QÆ∂_® Wk
ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
e.g : This week, I am leaving for Bombay
3. Continuous tense Ö’ D „H˜Ok "å\˜x
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ~å^Œ∞.
  look, see and  listen are used weak interjections
e.g. : Listen, someone is crying.
have, hear, notice, recognize, smell, taste, believe, know,
remember, recollect, forget, want, wish, forgive, refuse,
love, care, belong possess, matter.
III PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
already, yet,  Just, recently
e.g : I have loved
1. ˆH=Å=Ú WѨÙÊ_Õ K«^ŒqÜ«ÚO_»#Hõ¯~° ÖË^Œ∞ ã¨q∂Ѩ Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’
[iy# Ѩx94
e.g = I have read the Bible
e.g= I have done my home work
3. I have passed my B.A., Jx# B.A, áêã¨QÆ∞@KÕ
HõÅ∞æѶ¨Åq∞OHõ#∞ h=#∞ÉèíqOK«∞ K«∞<åfl=x J~°÷=Ú.
4. ˆH=Å=Ú 1950 Ö’ áêÃã· Ü«Ú<åfl#∞. Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ##fl I passed
B.A., in 1950 Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ#∞.
5 H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ „Ѩã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞ XHõ Ѩxx QÆ∂iÛ
K≥ѨÊ#∞.
e.g : I have lived in Delhi for 10 years
6. WѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ _èçb¡Ö’ L<åfl#∞. HÍx D Hõ∆}=ÚÖ’ ÖË#∞ Jx
K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ –I have lived in Delhi.
7. D Hõ∆}=Ú ~ÚѨÙÊ_Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ‰õÄ_»
K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g: I have  just written a letter.
8. XHõ KÀѨx ѨÓiÎ H͉õΩ#fl#∞ H˘O`« HÍÅ=Ú #∞O_ç „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú
=~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩxx QÆ∂iÛ QÆ∂_® K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g : It has rained all this week
9. XHõ Ѩx xifi~å=∞=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ ‰õΩ#fl#∞ JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [iy##∞
D tense "å_» =K«∞Û#∞
e.g: I have met my friend twice this week.I have95
not taken a holiday this year.
10. He has been to London = J`«#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú =zÛ<å_»∞
Hõ#∞Hõ JK«Û@ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÊQÆÅ_»∞.
11. He has gone to London =  J`«#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú<å_»∞.
WѨÙÊ_»Hõ¯_» L<åfl_»∞.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. ZѨÙÊ_À Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ „áê~°OaèOѨ|_ç# XHõ Ѩx „Ѩã¨∞Î`«
Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ D tense LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=Öˇ#∞.
Jk ZѨÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#^À K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ##fl Since yesterday
Jx since 1960 Jx, =∞iÜ«Ú WO`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl^Œx
K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ##fl for 10 years' for 10 minutes Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ#∞.
e.g. : He has been working here since 1980.
2. XH˘Hõ¯™êi P Ѩx x~°O`«~°=ÚQÍ [~°∞QƉõΩ#fl#∞ D tense #∞
"å_»=K«∞Û#∞
e.g : I have been reading the book all the day
V PAST INDEFINITE
1. QÆuOz# XHÍ<˘Hõ  ã¨OѶ¨∞@###∞ QÆ∂iÛ –
e.g: I saw him yesterday
2. QÆ`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ âßâ◊fi`« ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ –
e.g : The city was on the banks of the river
3. XHõ ÅHõ∆}=Ú#∞, Ѩ^Œúux – JÅ"å@∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ96
e.g : He became a sanyasin
4. QÆ`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ѩx ó
e.g : He took a holiday every week
VI. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Wk Ѩx ZѨÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#kQÍx, ZO`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ
[~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk HÍx K≥ѨÊ^Œ∞.  U^À XHõ L^ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆}=∞O^Œ∞
=∂„`«q∞k [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ D Tense K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g: When  I was buying a pen, my friend came to
         some shop
2. UHõ HÍÅ=∞O^Œ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ
K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g : I was sleeping while my friend was reading
3. QÆ`« HÍÅ=Ú#O^Œ∞ `«~°K«∞QÍ ã¨OÉèíqOK«∞K«∞O_ç# Ѩ#∞Å∞
(repeated actions)
e.g : She was  leaving the house early every day and
meeting her boy friend
VII. PAST   PERFECT  TENSE
1. Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞ L^ÕÌtOK«∞#∞.  Ô~O_»∞#∞
L^ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆}=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ
K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ D tense LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ P L^ÕÌtOK«∞
ã¨=∞Ü«∞"Õ∞^À xˆ~ÌtOѨ =Öˇ#∞.
e.g : When two past actions are to be mentioned in one sentence, the97
earlier  action should  be in past  perfect tense and the later  in  simple
past  tense, provided there is time gap between the two, actions. This  is
identified by using "when", 'before'  or 'after' or 'as'.
2. Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ʼnõΩ áÈÅÛ‰õΩO_®, XˆH XHõ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#‰õΩ D
tense Ö’ K≥ѨÊ~å^Œ∞
e.g: I had written a letter to my friend   J#~å^Œ∞
VIII. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Past tense  Ö’ L^ÕÌtOz# XHõ Hõ∆}=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó~°fi=Ú
H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ XHõ Ѩx [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ P [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ѩxx
D tense `À ã¨∂zOѨ=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : I had been reading for two hours before you
came to my house yesterday.
IX. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
1. Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ [~°QÆÉ’=٠Ѩxx `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞
2. Wk  I person Ö’ shall ,  II, III persons Ö’   will #∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞#∞
e.g : I shall go to Bombay
He will go to Bombay
3. J@∞¡QÍHõ 'will' Ѩ^Œ=Ú#∞ I, we Hõ~°ÎÅ`À LѨÜ≥∂yOz# XHõ
"åQÍÌ#=Ú#∞QÍx, xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞.
e.g : I will help you at all costs U Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’<≥·##∞
h‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=Ú KÕÃã^Œ#∞.
4. J^Õ q^èŒ=ÚQÍ You, he she, it, they Hõ~°ÎÅ∞QÍ #∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ Shall98
LѨÜ≥∂yOz#, XHõ XuÎ_çx QÍx, P[˝#∞ QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞.
e.g: You shall stay here till I come back <Õ#∞ uiy
=K«∞Û#O`«=~°‰õΩ WK«Û@ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. They shall
never, never be slaves "å~°∞ Z#fl\˜H˜x
ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LO_»É’~°∞ – XHõ xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú.
HÍx D ~ÀAÅÖ’ WOw¡+¨µ"å~°∞ shall HõO>Ë will
<Õ Jxfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»∞K«∞<åfl~°∞
5. Éèíq+¨º`«∂ûK«##∞  'going to' #∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOz KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞
(Continuous tense Ö’ LáÈÜ«∞yOK« ‰õÄ_»x „H˜Ü«∞Å q+¨Ü«∞=Ú
`«Ñ¨Ê)
e.g : He will climb the tree ( Future ) J#∞@Hõ<åfl
He is going to climb the tree J#∞@ "Õ∞Å∞.
6. 'going to' Ö’ H˘O`« xtÛ`«`«Îfi=Ú ‰õÄ_® ^èŒfixOK«∞#∞
e.g : It is going to rain Jx# PHÍâ◊=Ú "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂=$`«"≥∞ÿ
Ü«ÚO_»∞@ <Õ#∞ K«∂K«∞K«∞<åfl#∞ Jx
^èŒfixOK«∞#∞.
X FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. L^ÕÌtOz#  ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú# XHõ Ѩx [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ L#fl@∞¡ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
J#QÍ ^Œ∂~°"≥∞ÿ# aè=+¨º^Œ~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOz#∞.
e.g : Next year I shall be doing M.A., Next week
we shall be showing a Tamil Picture99
2. „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Wk ˆH=Å=Ú Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î<Õ ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
e.g : Will you be visiting him agian ? "åxx uiy
K«∂_»É’=Ù K«∞<åfl"å?
3. Are you going to visit him? Jx# Z^Œ∞\˜"åx Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞
QÆ∂iÛ J_ç#@∞¡ ^èŒfix. HÍx  'will you visit him ?' ( please)
Jx# J`«xx uiy K«∂_»∞=Ú Jx „áê~°ú##∞ (request)
`≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞#∞.
XI FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
1. Éèíq+¨º`å¯Å=ÚÖ’ L^ÕÌtOz# XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ xˆ~ÌtOz#
Ѩx ѨÓiÎJQÆ∞#∞ Jx K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g : I shall have read the book by the end of the
week.  D "å~åO`«=Ú#‰õΩ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=Ú K«kq
=ÙO^Œ∞#∞.  – J#QÍ ^•xÖ’ ã¨OQÆ`«∞Å∞ JѨÊ\˜H˜
<å‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞QÆÅ=Ù.
2. `«ÅO`«∞#∞ (think), TÇ≤ÏO`«∞#∞ ( I suppose ) J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’
‰õÄ_® nxx „ѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞.
W@∞=O\˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ LѨ<åºã¨=ÚÅÖ’,
K«~°ÛÅÖ’ HõxÊOK«∞#∞.
e.g : " You will have noticed from the speech how
urgent the matter really is"
XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Wk H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩxx `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«Ú#∞.
e.g : By December I shal have been working here100
for 20 years ( _çâ◊O|~°∞ <å\˜H˜ <Õ#∞ WK«Û@ 20
ã¨OIIÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl@∞¡ JQÆ∞#∞ ). <Õ#∞
WK«Û@<Õ Ñ¨x KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞ J#∞ ÉèÏ==Ú
^èŒfixOK«∞#∞).
VERB - AGREEMENT WITH THE SUBJECT (Concord)
„H˜Ü«∞ – Hõ~°Î`À UH©ÉèÏ==Ú
1. „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® First, second, third persons  HõÅ=Ù.
e.g: 1.I walk
2. Thou walketh (In poetry)
3. He walks
2. Verb ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú ( pronoun) ã¨OMϺ"åK«Hõ=Ú ( Number)
HõÅ=Ù
e.g: 1. He walks
2. They walk
3. Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx UHõ=K«# Hõ~°ÎÅ∞ ( subjects)
and J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞KÕ`« HõÅ∞Ѩ|_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Ve rb #∞ plural
Ö’<Õ fã≤H˘#∞#∞.
e.g : Rama and Krishna are brothers
Rama, krishna and Gopal are young boys
4. Ô~O_»∞ Singular Nouns XˆH =ºH˜Îx QÆ∞iOzQÍx, XˆH =ã¨∞Î=Ù#∞
QÆ∞iOzQÍx K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb =∂„`«=Ú singular Ö’<Õ
LO_»∞#∞.101
e.g : By  the death of Gandhiji, a great - Prophet
and Patriot was lost to India
5. Ô~O_»∞ subjects XˆH ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb Ѩ^Œ=Ú
singular Ö’ LO_»∞#∞.
e.g : The long and the short of it is this
6. Subject Ѩ^Œ=Ú `«~°∞"å`« each ÖËHõ every J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú
=zÛ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb Ѩ^Œ=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g: Every man, Woman and Child was present
7. UHõ =K«#=ÚÖ’ #∞#fl subject Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ or, nor, either...or,
neither ...nor J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅKÕ`« ã¨OkèOѨ|_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb
Ѩ^Œ=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : Neither food nor water was given to the
prisoner.
8. J~Ú`Õ or, nor J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞KÕ`« ã¨OkèOѨ|_ç#  subjects
qaè#fl numbers ‰õΩ K≥Ok#"≥·`Õ verb Ѩ^Œ=Ú  plural Ö’
LO_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : Rama or his friends have done this.
9. =∞iÜ«Ú or, nor J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅKÕ`« ã¨OkèOѨ|_ç# subjects,
qaè#fl  'persons' ‰õΩ K≥Ok#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb ^•xH˜ ^ŒQÆæ~°Ö’ subject
Ü≥∞Hõ¯ persons `À UH©ÉèíqOK«∞#∞.
e.g : Either he or I am correct.102
VERBS : STRONG AND WEAK
( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ ó |Å"≥∞ÿ#q, |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ#q)
1. „H˜Ü«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# HÍÅ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ present tense, Past
tense,  J#∞#q. D =¸_»∞ ã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ#∞O_ç
W`«~° ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ ™êkèOѨ=K«∞Û#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« D =¸_»∞
~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q.
2. `ÕeHõQÍ present tense #∞O_ç past tense U~°Ê_Õ „H˜Ü«∞Å#∞
(verbs) weak verbs   JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wq present tense #‰õΩ ed
x, ÖËHõ  -'d' x ÖËHõ z=i JHõ∆~°=Ú `˘ÅyOz 't' HõÅ∞ѨÙ@=Å#
past tense U~°Ê_»∞#∞.
e.g : Present tense Past tense
Talk Talked
Believe Believed
Spend Spent
3. H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#O^Œ∞#fl vowel
#∞ =∂~°∞ÊKÕã≤H˘x past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘#flq.
e.g : Present tense Past tense
Know Knew
Come Came
Speak Spoke
Write Wrote
4. POQÆ¡ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ Weak verbs ã¨OYº Z‰õΩ¯= strong verbs ã¨OYº
`«‰õΩ¯=103
5. Weak verbs QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@‰õΩ H˘xfl ã¨∂K«#Å∞ –
i) Verb Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú# z=~°  'd' QÍx  't'
QÍx ÖËHõ past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú =zÛ#ѨÙÊ_»k week verb.
e.g : Believe Believed
Burn Burnt
Sell Sold
ii) H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú# 'd'
LO_»QÍ ^•xx  't' QÍ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú
á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.
e.g: Bend Bent
Build Built
Lend Lent
iii) H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú z=~°
'd' QÍx   't' Hõey Ü«ÚO_ç "å\˜ =ÚO^Œ∞#fl n~°…ã¨fi~°=Ú „ǨÏã¨fi=Ú
KÕÜ«Ú@KÕ past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.
Ex : Bleed ( n~°…ã¨fi~°=Ú) bled ( „ǨÏã¨fiã¨fi~°=Ú)
breed bred
shoot shot
meet met
lead led
feed fed
iv) H˘xfl Verbs Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú z=~° 't' QÍx 'd'
QÍx Ü«ÚO_ç# past tense Ö’ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ ~°∂Ѩ=Ú104
HõeyÜ«ÚO_»#∞.
e.g : Cost, Hit, Hurt, Let, Put, Pid, set, shed, shut,
split, Thrust, spread
6. H˘xfl Ѩ^Œ=ÚʼnõΩ past participle ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ Ô~O_Õã≤ HõÅ=Ù.
Ô~O_»=^≥·# bounden, drunken, gotten, hidden, sunken =O\˜
Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ adjectives QÍ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq.
Ex : bounden duty, drunken man, ill gotten wealth,
hidden treasure, sunken man
7. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ strong ~°∂Ѩ=Ú weak ~°∂Ѩ=Ú Ô~O_»∞#∂
HõÅ=Ù.
Ex : Present tense              Past tense Past participle
Awake       Awoke ( Awaked) Awoke ( Awaked)
Crow                      Crew ( crowed) Crowed
Thrive             Throve (Thrived)        Thriven ( Thrived)
Light           Lit ( Lighted) Lit ( Lighted)
Wake                Woke (waked) Woke ( Waked)
8. H˘xfl Weak verbs ʼnõΩ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú# z=~° ǨÏÅ∞¡
kfiQÆ∞}©Hõ$`«"≥∞ÿ ed KÕ~°∞ÛH˘x Past tense past participle JQÆ∞#∞.
e.g: Present tense Past tense Past participle
Bar Barred Barred
Bar Barred Barred
Blur Blurred Blurred105
Mar Marred Marred
Tar Tarred Tarred
Bat Batted Batted
VERB ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
„H˜Ü«∞ ó Hõ~°Îi, Hõ~°‡}˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞
1. ã¨Hõ~°‡ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ Hõ~°Î (subject) „Ѩ^è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx ÖËHõ
Hõ~°‡ ( object)  „Ѩ^è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û#∞. "å@x Hõ~°Îi
„ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞  ( Active voice) Hõ~°‡}˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞  ( Passive
voice) Jx JO^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g : Arjuna killed Karna ( Active Voice)
Karna was killed by Arjuna ( Passive voice)
2. Active Voice ( Hõ~°Îi „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú )  nxÜ«∞O^Œ∞ Hõ~°Î
UkKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl^À  ^•xˆH „áê^è•#ºq∞=fi|_ç#k.
3. passive Voice ( Hõ~°‡}˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú ) nxÜ«∞O^Œ∞ Hõ~°‡
( object ) ^Õxx á⁄O^Œ∞K«∞#fl^À  K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∞#flk. D "åHõº=Ú#
object Ju =ÚYº=ÚQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.
4. Voice J#QÍ subject U"≥∞ÿ<å KÕã≤#^À ÖËHõ ^•xˆH"≥∞ÿ# [iy#^À
`≥Å∞ѨÙ#\˜ì „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^Œ ã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=Ú
5. Active voice Ö’ L#fl XHõ "åHõº=Ú# Ô~O_»∞ objects (Direct
object, Indirect Object) passive voiceL#flѨÙÊ_»∞    Ö’xH˜
=∂~°∞ÊѨÙÊ_»∞ U^À XHõ object #∞ „Ѩ^è•#=Ú KÕã≤ Ô~O_»= ^•xx J>Ë¡
LOK«=K«∞Û#∞.  J@∞¡ xÅ∞= LO_ç# object ‰õΩ Retained object
Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ HõÅ^Œ∞. passive verb `«~°∞"å`« LO_»∞#∞.106
e.g : Active Voice Passive Voice
1. Indira refused 1. Admittance was refused to
Narayana admittance Narayana by Indira
      IDO            DO
2. Desika teaches us 1. English is taught to us by Dsika
English           IDO 2. We are taught English by
   DO Desika
6. H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject Z=fi~À K≥ѨÊ=Åã≤#
J=ã¨~°=ÚO_»^Œ∞.  J\˜ì ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO^Œ∞  passive voice
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.
e.g : Bombay was bombed.
Pakistani ship was wrecked.
That temple was built long ago
7. H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ Verb passive voice =Öˇ LO_ç##∞ Jk
passive voice HÍ^Œ∞.
e.g : The glass is broken
Rama is gone ( Rama has gone)
8. H˘xfl Transitive verbs Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Active voice ~°∂Ѩ=Ú #O^Œ∞#fl#∞
"å\˜x passive voice Ö’ =Öˇ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g : Rose smells sweet ( is sweet when it's smelt)107
Mango tastes fine ( is fine when tasted)
Ramayana reads well ( affects the reader well
when read)
VERB - MOOD
„H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^Œ=Ú – su
1. Verb „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@ ÖËHõ XHõ „Ѩâ◊fl#∞
"ÕÜ«Ú@ ÖËHõ P[˝#∞ ~ÚK«∞Û@ ÖËHõ XHõ TǨÉèÏ==Ú#∞
"≥e|∞K«∞Û@.  W@∞=O\˜ „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^Œ=Ú (verb)#‰õΩ
<åÅ∞æs`«∞Å∞#flq. Jq
1. Indicative mood 2. Imperative mood
3. Subjunctive mood 4. Infinitive mood
1. Indicative mood = Hõ#|~°K≥_»∞ su
a) D q^èŒ=Ú, XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g : Sita goes to college daily
b) XHõ „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g : Have you met him?
c) XHõ TǨQÆ`« ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_®
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g : If it rains , I shall not leave home
       How beautiful the night is !
2.Imperative mood = q^Œº~°úHõsu108
a) nxx XHõ P[˝#∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
(Command)
e.g : Go there. Bring it here. wait here
b) XHõ „áÈ`åûǨÏ=Ú ( ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõ) `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g :  Take care of your purse Get ready Try to
       catch the train
c) XHõ =∞#q ÖËHõ „áê~°ú# `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g : Have kindness for us
      Give us our daily bread
3. Subjunctive mood : ÉèË^•~°úHõ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú
a) XHõ HÀiHõ#∞ ( desire or wish) `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g : God be with you ; God save the king
WHõ¯_» 'be' , ' save' J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞
HÀiHõ#∞ `≥~ÚÜ«∞*ËÜ«ÚK«∞#flq May God
be with you, May God save you Jx
‰õÄ_® K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û#∞
b) XHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú#∞ JiúOz „ѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g : Take care, that nothing be lost.
Judge not, lest you be Judged.
c) "åã¨ÎqHõ`«‰õΩ q~°∞^Œú=ÚQÍ L#fl ÉèÏ=#QÍx, +¨~°`«∞QÍx109
K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞
e.g: 1. If I were the Indian President,
I would invite the moon to dinner.
        2. If I were the king of Tartary, my
throne should be of beaten gold WHõ¯_»  'were' J#∞#k past tense HÍ^Œ∞.
XHõ Jã¨OÉèí="≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. XHõ TǨÖ’Hõ=Ú ^•xH˜ „ѨÉèí∞=QÆ∞@
=∞é˜Ü≥∞Hõ qz„`«"≥∞ÿ# TǨ)(Tartary )
THE INFINITIVE
( „H˜Ü«∂ ^è•`«∞~°∂Ѩ=Ú)
1. „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ c[=Ú =O\˜k ^è•`«∞~°∂Ѩ=Ú
2. I like mangoes J<Õ KÀ@  like J<Õ verb subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Number
KÕ`« case KÕ`« |^Œú"≥∞ÿ Ü«Ú#flk. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« nxx |^Œú"≥∞ÿ#,
Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# verb- 'finite verb'
3. Indicative mood Ö’#∞ subjunctive mood Ö’#∞ Imperative
mood Ö’#∞ L#fl verbs JxflÜ«Ú   "finite verbs".
4. J~Ú`Õ 'I like to eat mangoes' J<Õ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'to eat' J<Õ
„H˜Ü«∞ ˆH=ÅO eat J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÜ≥∞Hõ¯ J~°ú ÉèÏ=ã¨∞Êù~°}=Ú
KÕÜ«∞K«∞#fl^Õ QÍx ^•xH˜ subject ÖË^Œ∞.
nxH˜ subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ number, case =O\˜ |O^èŒ#=ÚÖË^Œ∞.
JO^Œ∞KÕ`« nxx |O^èŒ#=ÚÖËx „H˜Ü«∞ JO^Œ∞~°∞. WkÜÕ∞ ^è•`«∞
~°∂Ѩ=Ú . Infinitive `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’x ÉèÏ"å~°úHõ=Ú =O\˜k.110
XHõ „H˜Ü«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞  'to'
(in finite sign)   Hõeã≤#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Jk U~°Ê_»∞#∞. Jxfl
„H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅH© q^è•#=Ú =iÎOK«∞#∞.
i) "åHõº=Ú# Noun #‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ subject QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
e.g : To love is divine
ii) Noun #‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ object QÍ LO_»∞#∞
e.g: I love to write
iii) H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject QÍ LO@∂, `å#∞
=∞iÜ≥∞Hõ object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞.
e.g: To respect your teacher is your duty.
iv) H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒ=ÚÅÖ’ object QÍ LO@∂ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ
object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞.
e.g: Prasad refused to obey instructions.
v) „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ „H˜Ü«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ
e.g:  We eat to live;  We go to paly
vi) qâı+¨}=Ú#∞ qѨÙbHõiOK«∞@‰õΩ „H˜Ü«∂[#º
qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ
e.g : He was eager to know
Quick to grasp
Easy to forget
Beautiful to look
Nice to see111
vii) qâı+¨}=Ú=Öˇ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =i‚OK«∞@‰õΩ
e.g: This is a house to let
'To Let' WK«Û@ <å=∞"åK«Hõ"≥∞ÿ# house #∞ QÆ∂iÛ
K≥ѨÙÊK«∞#flk. a place to visit, a picture to see, debts
to clear.
viii) H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO^Œ∞ 'to' J#∞ preposition ÖˉõΩO_®
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞. ( bid, let, make, need,
dare, see, near ) J#∞ „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ `«~°∞"å`«)
e.g : Bid him go - "åxx á⁄=∞‡x K≥ѨÙÊ=Ú Let him
stand -"åxx xÅ∞ÛO_»h
ix) =∞iÜ«Ú  'to' ÖˉõΩO_®    Plain infinitive #∞ shall, will, do, did,
should, would, may and might J#∞ „H˜Ü«∞Å `«~°∞"å`«
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : I will play
You shall go
x) J>Ë¡  'to' ÖˉõΩO_®   had better, had rather, would rather, sooner
than, rather than,J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ `«~åfi`« LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : You had better tell him
xi) Infinitive LѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú Noun „ѨÜ≥∂[#=ÚʼnõΩ Ñ¨iq∞`«"≥∞ÿ
Ü«Ú#flѨÙÊ_»∞ nxx simple infinitive JO^Œ∞~°∞.
xii) J@∞¡QÍHõ Wk qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ QÍx, „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ
QÍx LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_ç# nxx Gerundial ÖËHõ   Qualifying112
Infinitive JxK≥ѨÙÊ^Œ∞~°∞.
xiii) =∞iÜ«Ú Infinitive #‰õΩ Tense LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ PÜ«∂
ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ ^•x ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞
Active Voice
Presnet : to love
Present continuous : to be loving
Perfect :to have been
loved (nx<Õ Perfect Infinitive
JO^Œ∞~°∞)
Passive Voice
Present : to be  loved
Perfect : to have been loved
xiv) To + verb HõÅã≤   infinitive J#|_»∞#∞ D 'to' ‰õΩ verb ‰õΩ
=∞^茺 =∞é˜Ü≥∞Hõ Ѩ^Œ=Ú „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú (adverb) =zÛ#
~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ split infinitive JO^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g : To understand J#∞#k  infinitive
TO PARTICIPLE
   Jã¨=∂ѨHõ „H˜Ü«∞
1. Participle J#∞#k „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ#fl |Ǩï ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅO^˘Hõ\˜.
2. Hearing the noice, the boy came out WHõ¯_»  'Hearing the
noice' J#∞ ^•xx participle  phrase Jã¨=∂ѨHõ „H˜Ü«∂ѨÓ~°fiHõ
Ѩ^Œã¨=∂ã¨=Ú Jx JO^Œ∞~°∞.
3. Present participle continuous tense Ö’ =K«∞Û#∞
e.g : They are playing  now. (ing is called present participle)113
4. Verb past participle ‰õÄ_® LO_»∞#∞. Go, went, gone Ö’
gone =O\˜q ˆH=ÅO adjective QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x
participle adjectives JO^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g : Glittering Gold ornaments.
Running waters
Worried look
Loosing game
5. Wq adjectives =Öˇ degrees of comparisons ‰õÄ_®
HõeæÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞
e.g : Glittering - more glittering - most glittering
Worried - more worried - most worried
6. Active Passive
Present participle    = loving. being loved.
Perfect participle = having loved  . having been loved.
Past participle =  had loved had been loved.
PAST PARTICIPLE
1. Participle Ѩ^Œ=Ú noun #∞ QÍx   pronoun #∞ QÍx
qualify KÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞
i) QÆ∞}Ï~ÀѨ}=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞
( attributively )
e.g : A Rolling stone - Present participle
A  lost opportunity - past participle114
ii) PMϺ`«=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞ ( Predicatively)
e.g : Rama kept me waiting ( Present )
Krishna looked tired ( Past)
iii) XHõ Noun QÍx  Pronoun QÍx =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ #∞O_ç
absolutely ( ˆH=Å=ÚQÍ) LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : Krishna having arrived,
Arjuna was freed from anxiety
iv) Present, Past Participles  Ô~O_»∞#∞ Noun QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊK«∞
Adjective ^èŒ~°‡=Ú x~°fiiÎOK«∞K«∞#flq.
e.g : I saw him crossing the road
        Gerund (Verbal Noun)
v) Infinitive completed action #∞ =i‚OK«QÍ, participle
Ѩx [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ crossing
J#QÍ while crossing Jx  to cross J#QÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ
^•@∞@ Jx J~°ú=Ú. crossing "å_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ J`«_»∞
^•@∞K«∞#fl ã≤÷uÖ’ XHõ Hõ∆}=Ú# J`«x "ÕѨÙK«∂zu#x
J~°ú=Ú. to cross (infinitive )"å_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ J`«#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ
^•@∞#O`«=~°‰õΩ K«∂K«∞K«∞O\˜#x J~°ú=Ú.
vi) J>Ë¡ participle ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞
„ѨÜ≥∂yOz#  infinitive #∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞
K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : I prefer reading books to seeing115
pictures ( always)
vii) 'H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ for' #∞
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞  infinitive Ѩx ѨÓiÎHÍHõ ѨÓ~°fi"Õ∞
Jx J~°ú=Ú K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g : I paid him  to translate the book into Tamil
viii) particple Ѩx ѨÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# `«~°∞"å`« Jx K≥ѨÙÊ#∞
e.g : I paid him for translating the book into
Tamil
THE GERUND
1. „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^Œ=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=∞O^˘Hõ\˜ Wk.
2. Participle adjective QÍ „Ѩ=iÎOѨQÍ, Gerund <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=ÚQÍ
ѨxKÕÜ«Ú#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« nxx Verb-noun JO^Œ∞~°∞.
3. HÍ=Ù# Gerund J#QÍ  'ing' `À JO`«=∞QÆ∞ „H˜Ü«∂~°∂Ѩ=ÚÃÑ·
Noun Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Verb Ü≥∞Hõ¯ â◊H˜Î HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Ѩ^Œ=Ú
e.g : Reading is a good habit.   ( D "åHõº=Ú
Reading J#∞ Gerund, subject QÍ LO_ç
<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú Ñ¨x KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk.
4. Teach me swimming D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Swimming J#∞ gerund,
object QÍ LO_ç Noun Ѩx KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk
5. Gerund Ѩ^Œ=Ú H˘xfl ~Ú`«~° Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘x
ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ Compound gerund Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞K«∞#flk.116
e.g : He was charged of having stolen the money
TRANSITIVE VERB GERUND (FUNCTIONS LIKE TO
NOUN ) #‰õΩ L#fl ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞
Active Passive
Present loving being loved
Perfect having loved having been loved
GERUND LѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞
1. XHõ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ subject QÍ
e.g : Reading is a good habit
2. XHõ transitive verb ‰õΩ object QÍ
e.g: Children like playing in mud
3. XHõ Preposition ‰õΩ object QÍ
e.g: I am  tired of walking
He is fond of running
4. XHõ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ Complement QÍ
e.g: Seeing is believing
Swimming is exercising
5. ˆH=Å=Ú ( absolutely)
e.g: Hunting animals being his aversion
We did not hunt any animals.
6. Do you like us coming in ?117
Do you like our coming in?
Raman's coming in
7. Gerund KÕÜ«Ú Ñ¨#∞ÅÖ’ XHõ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú
ѨxÜ≥ÿ∞##∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ =Öˇ nxÜ«∞O^Œ∞ article
LO_»^Œ∞.
e.g: Hunting Lions was his hobby.  D "åHõº=ÚÖ’
hunting  „H˜Ü«∞=Öˇ ‰õÄ_® ѨxKÕã≤  'Lions'
Ѩ^Œ=Ú#∞  object QÍ fã≤H˘#∞K«∞#flk.
8. ˆH=Å=Ú noun =Öˇ ѨxKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl gerund Å#∞ verbal nouns
JO^Œ∞~°∞. gx=ÚO^Œ∞ definite article J~Ú#  'The' ‰õÄ_®
LO_»∞#∞.
9. H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ Gerund Infinitive D Ô~O\˜H˜
~°∂Ѩ™ê=∞º=Ú ÖˉõΩ#fl#∞ J~°ú™ê=∞º=Ú#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤OK«∞#∞.
J\˜ì KÀ@ nxx LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=Öˇ##fl – Gerund ™ê=∂#º
^èŒ~°‡=Ú#∞^ÕÌtOѨQÍ   (general case) Infinitive XHÍ<˘Hõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ
ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú# ( particular case) LѨÜ≥∂yOÑ¨Öˇ#∞.
e.g: I hate telling lies ( General case)
I hate to tell you lies ( particular case)
AUXILIARY VERBS
ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞
1. I have pen ( I possess a pen)118
 D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ have J#∞ verb #‰õΩ J~°ú=Ú ã¨OѨÓ~°‚"≥∞ÿ#k.
W\˜ì verb #∞ verb with full meaning ÖËHõ principal verb
JO^Œ∞~°∞.
2. I have lost my pen
D "åHõº=Ú# have J#∞ verb, =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ verb J~Ú# 'lost'
Ü≥∞Hõ¯ J~°ú=Ú Ñ¨ÓiÎ JQÆ∞@‰õΩ `À_»Ê_ç#k. HÍ=Ù# nxx auxiliary
verb (ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
3. ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞
Primary auxiliary
1. Have, has, had,
2. Do, does, did
3. Be, ( am , is, are, was, were, been, being)
Model auxiliary -
4. Shall - futurity
5. will -  futurity
6. can-ability 7.may-Probability
8. ought to 9. used ot
10. need 11. dare
Primry auxiliaries are only used as principle verbs.They are used
to identify  the Mood, Tense and voice of the  Principal verbs.
4. 'to have' Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖË, has, had, have, 'to do' Ü≥∞Hõ¯
~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖË do, does, did; to be Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖË is, are,119
am, was, were Auxiliary verbs QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞@‰õΩ
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}=ÚÅ∞
Have : I have taken my breakfast
Be : I am loved : He was loved.
I am writing. He was writing
Do : Do you say so? I do not say so.
Shall : I shall come tonight
Will : She will go next saturday
Should: He said that I should go.
Would : If he were here, I would tell him.
5. D Auxiliary verbs  ˆH =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ ¿Ñé∞ helping verbs. Wq
=ÚYº=ÚQÍ
1. Negative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ
2. Interrogative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ
3. Tenses #∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ continuous, perfect, perfect
continuous tenses #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ
4. „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ „ǨÏã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’ ["å|∞Å∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ#∞
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞#∞
1. Negative sentences :  =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞
e.g : The weather is not fine
I do not like playing foot-ball120
Negative forms U~°Ê_»∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ – "å\˜ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞
™ê^è•~°} ~°∂Ѩ=Ú =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=Ú „ǨÏã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=Ú
Affirmative Negative Short form
1. Be :
I am I am not I'm not
We are We are not we aren't
You are you   are not you aren't
They are They are not They aren't
He is He  is not He  isn't
She is She    is not She isn't
It  is It is not It isn't
2. Have : nxx Ô~O_»~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ „QÆÇ≤ÏO`«∞=Ú
1. Permanent Possession ( âßâ◊fi`«=ÚQÍ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@
J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’)
e.g : I have two brothers
2. Temporary possession  ( `å`å¯eHõ=ÚQÍ
HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@ J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’)
e.g : Just a minute ago, I had my tea
Temporary e.g : I do not have my break fast before Nine' O'
 clock.
habitual : He does not have- He doesn't have, We do not have
- We don't have
I can I can not I can't121
I may I may not I mayn't
I must I must not I mustn't
I shall I shall not I shan't
I will I will not I won't
Shan't shouldn't
Won't wouldn't
must /should ( had to)
II „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞
e.g : Is the weather fine?
1. „Ѩâ◊fl ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’ =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞O_»=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g: Is not the weather fine?
Affirmative Interrogative Negative Question
1. Be :
I am ..... Am I......? Amn't I  ......?
We are...... Are we ....? Aren't  We.....?
ÖËHõ
Aren't
He's...... Is he........? Is not        he......?
ÖËHõ
Isn't
2. Have  a) âßâ◊fi`å~°ú=Ú
I have ...... Have I.......? Haven't I......?
He has...... Has he  ......? Hasn't he......?122
b) `å`å¯eHõ JÅ"å@∞¡ =ÔQ·~å.
We have..... Do we have.....? Don't we have .....?
He has..... Does he have ....? Doesn't he have ....?
3. q∞ye# Auxiliary Verbs
I can..... Can I.....? Can't I........?
I may..... May I.....? Mayn't I.....?
I must...... must I.....? mustn't I.....?
I shall.... shall I.....? shan't I .....?
I will..... will I.....? won't I.....?
4. H˘xfl „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞, Short form responses
Question                                     Response
Affirmative Negative
1. Are you fond of fish ? Yes, I am , I am not
2 .Do you like sweets ? Yes, I do No. I don't
3. Will you come tomorrow? Yes, I will No. I won't
4. Can you speak English? Yes , I can No . I can't
5. Can  I go? ( permission) Yes,  I am You must not
6 .May I come in ? Yes, You may No. You may not
7. Must I meet him today itself Yes, You must No. You must not
No. You need not
            (¿ãfiK«Ûù)
8. Need she come tomorrow? ( I am afraid) No, she need not
(W\˜ìKÀ@ noJ#∞ ["å|∞ L^ÕÌ  She must.123
tOѨ|_»∞#∞
9. Have I got to meet her today? Yes you have got to 1.   No, You haven't got to
 ( ¿ãfiK«Ûù)
 2.   No, you are not to
( qkè)
10. Do I have to get up at 6.30 Yes, You have to,
every day ( Habitual) No, you don't
need to
5.Statement Agree Disagree
1.The weather is fine today Yes, it is No, it is not
2.They played well Yes, they did No, they didn't
3.They are playing well Yes, they are No, they are not
4.He gets up very early Yes, he does No he doesn't
5.I know Tamil Yes, you do No, you don't
6.They must go now Yes, they must. No, they need not
7.He does not like dogs Yes, he does not But he does.
8.You can't eat it all Yes you can No I can't
9. Apples are dear Yes, they are No, They aren't
6. ADDITIONS TO REMARKS
( „Ѩ`«∞ºÑ¨áê^Œ#Å∞)
Statement Addition
1. Apples are dear. Apples are dear
Oranges are also dear. So are oranges
2. James watt was an inventor James watt was an inventor
Edison was also an  inventor So was Edison
3. She knows Tamil She knows Tamil
Her husband also knows So does her husband
4. She knows Tamil She knows Tamil124
Her children also know So do her children
5. She wrote poetry She wrote poetry
He also wrote poetry so did he
 6. I can do it I can do it
You can also do it so can you
7. He hasn't any time He hasn't any time
I have no time  too Nor have I
8. You did not pay him You did not pay him
I too did not pay him Nor did I
7. QUESTION TAGS
1. Question tags  Ô~O_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag
2. Negative statement #‰õΩ positive tag.
1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag.
e.g: 1. He has come back, hasn't he?
2. He came yesterday, didn't he?
3. I didn't hurt you, Did I ?
4. Stop that noise, will you?
( WHõ¯_»  imperative sentence Ö’x f„=`«#∞ `«yæOz
H˘OK≥=Ú '=∞~åº^Œ— #∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@ Hõ#∞Hõ " Negative
tag " ~å^Œ∞. HÍx had, better, rather =zÛ#ѨÙ_»∞ negative
tag =K«∞Û#∞.)125
TAG QUESTIONS
 To provide an extra force to a statement, tag questions are often
attached. We come across them in  conversation  and  in informal
letters
The tag is an incomplete question.
Generally, the tag pattern is………….
Auxiliary / Model + n’t + Pronoun (sub) followed by a question mark.
Auxiliary /Model + Pronoun (sub) followed by a quark.
A Positive statement takes  Negative Tag
A  negative  statement takes Positive Tag.
Made for each – Other :
01. Positive statements  hug negative tags :
E.g. She signs well, doesn’t she?
*(in the  absence of an auxiliary verb,. ‘ do’ does the action)
02. Negative statements join  hands with  positive tags;
E.g. Sheela does not work  hard, does she?
03. When  half-negatives or depreciative  words – little, few,
hardly scarcely used  in a statement, it  is considered negative
and goes with a positive tag.
E.g. He seldom does  his work, does he?
04. “ A few”  and a little are  used in positive  sense  and get with
negative tags.
E.g. A few  students attended  the class, didn’t they?
05. Only   as  adverb, tags with  both  the statements- Positive and
Negative
E.g. There  are only  ten students , aren’t  there?
06. If a personal pronoun is  used as the subject, it is to be retained
in the tag;  if a noun is used  as  subject,  ‘he’,  ‘she’,  ‘it’  or
‘they’  is used in  the tags.
E.g. The boy  is blind , isn’t he?
Shilpa  has  a car,  hasn’t   She?
07. if  the indefinite  pronoun ‘ one’  is used  as the subject , it
should be retained in  the tag :
E.g. One should be  sincere in  one’s work, shouldn’t
one?126
08. When have  is used  with a sense of  possession  ‘do’, does,
or ‘did’ is used in the tag  (a negative tag)
Eg. He has  lunch at noon. Doesn’t he?
09. For Proposals  - positive tag is used.
Eg. Let’s have a little  break, shall we?
10. Imperative verbs  tug with positive tags.
E.g. Come early will you ?
11. if the  verb is a compound tense, auxiliary alone is used.
12. if the  auxiliary  is a compound  form. The first  word  of it is
used.
13. Therefore for this purpose can, may, ought and ‘ need’ are
treated as auxiliary verbs.
E.g. He has finished the work. Hasn’t he?
His  car is  being repaired , isn’t it?
14. if ‘ it/There is used as the  introductory subject, it is to be
retained  in the  tag.
E.g. Three is a cozy house isn’t there?
15. Statements expressing impatience  take the tag   - can’t you?
E.g. Use your intelligent, can’t you?
16. Anyone,  everyone and   someone  are singular,  but take tags
in plural.
E.g. Every body can’t  become rich, can they?
17. None of  followed  by plural  noun takes   plural tag.
E.g. None of the students passed. did they?
18. When the speaker  is not included in the list of  the late
comers, you can use ‘they’ instead of ‘we’
E.g. Some  of us were  detained , weren’t they?
19. In imaginary conditions …………..
E.g. I shouldn’t  be surprised  if he married her, would you?
20. When something , anything, everything or nothing  is used as
the subject ‘it’ is used in the tag.
E.g. Nothing is new here, is it?127
DEFECTIVE VERBS
֒Ѩ=Ú#fl „H˜Ü«∞Å∞
Definition : H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Jxfl tenses Ö’#∞  moods Ö’#∞
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞ÖË^Œ∞. J\˜ì verbs #∞ defective verbs
JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wq shall, will, may, can, must, ought, dare,
need, quoth  J#∞#q. g\˜H˜ present participle, past
participle ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ ÖË=Ù.
I. Uses of  'Shall'
a) I shall be much obliged
b) Thou shall not steal
II. Uses of 'will'
1. It will be a long time before I come here again
2. Any one will tell you the address if you ask
III. Uses of 'may'
1. Probability `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙ_»∞
It may be true
He may be right
You may miss the train
2. Permission   `≥eÜ«∞ *ËÜ«Ú#ѨÙ_»∞ ( J#∞=∞u)
May I come in ?
You may go
3. HÀiHõ#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙ_»∞
May you live long!128
May you be blessed !
4. XHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙ_»∞
We eat that we may live
He runs that he may catch the bus.
IV. Uses of 'might'
1. I might not come again
2. Might I live to see my great grand child
V. Uses of 'can' :
a. â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~°Ìº=ÚÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ 'can'LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.
I can write ( I am able to write )
I can lift that box
b. J#∞=∞ux `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® 'can' LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
You can go ( yo are permitted to go)
VI. Uses of 'could'
Even as a boy he could sing well.
Rama tried to catch the bus but he could not
VII. Uses of ' must'
1. P=â◊ºHõ`« ÖËHõ ÉÏ^茺`« `≥Å∞ѨÙ@
We must obey the laws.
Meena must sing129
2. ^èŒ$_è» ã¨OHõÅÊ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
I must have my way at this meeting.
3. q^Œ∞HõÎ ^èŒ~°‡=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
A magistrate must be upright
4. XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«Ü«∞O^Œ∞ xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# qâßfiã¨=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
Somebody must have removed the fish plates
5. Jx "å~°º"≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ
All living beings must die
VIII. Uses of 'ought' - obligation
He ought to love his brothers.
You ought to read properly
IX. Uses of 'dare'
He dare not come this way
He dare not enter this building
X. Uses of 'need'
She need not go
Need he sing now?
XI. Uses of the word ' quoth'
Quoth I
I see quoth he
( ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ WѨÙÊ_ô Ѩ^Œ=Ú Ñ¨^Œº=ÚÅO^Œ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flk).130
THE ADJECTIVE
1) Attributively QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú
e.g: The brave boy was praised.
2) Predicatively QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú
e.g : Rama is afraid of his teacher
He is quite well
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES ( qâı+¨} Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅÖ’ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞)
Adjectives U_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ó
1. Adjectives of Quality : QÆ∞}qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : Guntur is a  large town
D „H˜Ok "å\˜x Proper adjectives Jx H˘O`« =∞Ok JO^Œ∞~°∞.
HÍx Wq ‰õÄ_® Adjectives of Quality `≥QƉõΩ K≥Ok#"Õ.
e.g: Indian tea, Frech wines, Turkish tobacco, Chinese
dish
2. Adjectives of Quantity : Ѩi=∂}=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : He has enough money
3. Adjectives of numbers : ã¨OMϺ"åK«Hõ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
( Numerical adjectives) ordinals,  There are   five boys
e.g : Saturday is the  seventh  (cardinals) day of the week
 4. Demonstrative adjectives : x~°∂Ѩ} KÕÜ«Ú qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : This book is the best on the subject131
That boy, those boys, these roses, such a hurry
5. Interrogative adjectives = „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ=ÚÖˇ·# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : Whose pen is this? Which way do you take?
6. Emphasizing adjectives = <˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÙÊ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g: Mind your own business
This is the very word you said before
7. Exclamatory adjectives = Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : What a pity !, What a piece of art !
What a curse !
NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES  – ã¨OMϺ"åK«Hõ
qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
D ~°Hõ=ÚÖˇ·# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ =¸_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ó
1. Definite numerical Adjectives = ã¨iQÍ ã¨OYº#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ
    ã¨OMϺ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
Ex : i) Cardinals = One, two, three
ii) Ordinals = First, Second, third
2. Indefinite Numerical adjectives = Wq ã¨iQÍ ã¨OYº#∞
      `≥Å∞Ѩ=Ù
Ex : All, no, many, few, some, any, certain, several , sundry
3. Distributive numerical Adjectives = D qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ XHõ132
ã¨OYºÖ’ „Ѩu^•xx QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨÙÊ#∞
e.g : Every, either, neither, each
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES –
qâı+¨}=ÚÅ `«~°`«=∞=ÚÅ∞
1. Positive degree = ™ê^è•~°} ã≤÷u
e.g : Rama's shirt is white ~å=Úx K˘Hͯ `≥Å¡QÍ#∞#flk
2. Comparative degree = JkèHõ `«~°^Œâ◊
e.g : Krishna's shirt is whiter than Rama's Hõ$+¨µ‚x K˘Hͯ
~å=Úx K˘Hͯ HõO>Ë `≥Å¡QÍ #∞#flk.
3. Superlative degree = JkèHõ`«=∞"≥∞ÿ# ^Œâ◊
e.g: Gopal's shirt is the whitest of all   QÀáêÅ∞x K˘Hͯ
      JO^ŒiK˘HͯÅÖ’ q∞H˜¯e `≥Å¡xk
a) Ô~O_»∞ QÍx JO`«Hõ#fl Z‰õΩ¯= QÍx ã≤Å|∞Å∞ QÆÅ H˘xfl
Adjectives  positive degree #∞O_ç
Comparitive degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^Œ∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞  'more'J#∞
Adverb  Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞.
Superlative degree   QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^Œ∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ most J#∞
adverb  Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞
Positive Comparative Superlative
e.g : Splendid More splendid Most splendid
b) Latin ÉèÏ+¨#∞O_ç POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’xH˜ =zÛ# H˘xfl
Adjectives, Comparitive degree ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’133
#∞O_»∞#∞. Jq
e.g : Interior, Exterior, Ulterior,    ( D 5
#∞ "å_»∞HõÖ’ Positive degree Ö’x
Adjectives =Öˇ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»∞K«∞#flq.
g\˜x  'than' `À LѨÜ≥∂yOK«~å^Œ∞."å\˜`À  'to'
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=Öˇ#∞.
e.g: Ulterior motive.  Exterior wall minor
Amendments.
c) Inferior, Superior, Prior, Anterior, Posterior, Senior,
Junior, ( D 7 #∞ Comparitive degree Ö’
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq Ex : I am senior to him)134
adjectives ( qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞)
Fruitful = Ѷ¨Å=O`«"≥∞ÿ#
Purposeful = „ѨÜ≥∂[#"≥∞ÿ#
Luckless = J^Œ$+¨ì=Ú ÖËx
Senseless = *Ï˝#=ÚÖËx
Womanly = „ã‘Î=O\˜
Manly = ѨÙ~°∞+¨µx=O\˜
Golden = ÉOQÍ~°=Ú
ÖÏO\˜
Silken = Ѩ@∞ì=O\˜
Good = =∞Oz
Bad = K≥_»∞
Long = á⁄_»"≥·#
Short = á⁄\˜ì
Wide = "≥_»Å∞Ê
Thick = ^Œà◊ã¨i
Thin = ѨÅ∞K«x
That = Jk
This = Wk
Much = Z‰õΩ¯=
Little = `«‰õΩ¯=
Many = KåÅ
Which = Uk
What = Uq∞\˜
Whose = Z=iÜ≥ÚHõ¯
Lucky = J^Œ$+¨ª=Ú HõÅ
Cheap = K«=ÙÔH·#
Costly = Ys^≥·#
Strong = |Å"≥∞ÿ#
Weak = |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ#
Tall = á⁄_»"≥·#
New = „H˘`«Î
Old = áê`«
Clever = `≥e"≥·#
Foolish = `≥eq`«‰õΩ¯=
Great = Q˘Ñ¨Ê
Small = z#fl
Brave = ^è≥·~°º"≥∞ÿ#
Timid = Ñ≤iH˜
Beautiful = JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ#
Ugly = qHÍ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Fine = ÉÏQÆ∞#fl
Heavy = |~°∞"≥·#
Light = `ÕeÔH·#
Difficult = Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ#
Easy = `ÕeÔH·#
Hot = "Õ_ç
Cold = K«Å¡x135
Happy = ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Round = QÆ∞O„_»x
Curved = =OHõ~°
Straight = u#flx
Upper = ÃÑ·#
Lower = „H˜O^Œ
Inner = ֒Ѩe
Outer = "≥Å∞Ѩe
Superior = „âı+¨ª"≥∞ÿ#
Inferior = `«‰õΩ¯"≥·#
Senior = ÃÑ^ŒÌ J~Ú#
Junior = Ñ≤#fl J~Ú#
Boyish = Ñ≤Å¡ `«#=Ú QÆÅ
Careful = *Ï„QÆ`«Î QÆÅ
Cheerful = LÖÏ¡ã¨=Ú QÆÅ
Courageous = ^è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅ
Colonial = =Å㨉õΩ
ã¨O|OkèOz#
Dangerous = JáêÜ«∞=Ú QÆÅ
Dirty = =ÚiH˜Ü≥ÿ∞#
Earthly = Éèí∂ ( WǨÏ)
ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#
Envious = â◊`«$`«fi=ÚQÆÅ
Faithful = qâßfiã¨=Ú QÆÅ
Famous = H©iÎQÆÅ
Foolish = `≥eqÖËx
Flowery = ѨÙ+¨Ê=ÚÅ∞QÆÅ,
ã¨∞O^Œ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Glorious = „ѨMϺuQÆÅ
Virtuous = huQÆÅ
Vicious = K≥_»∞|∞kúQÆÅ
Vainglorious = Ju QÆifiÜ≥ÿ∞#
Valuable = qÅ∞=QÆÅ
Worthy = Ü≥∂Qƺ`«QÆÅ
Zealous = Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅ QÆÅ
Ceaseless = =ÚyÜ«∞#\˜ì
Decisive = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#
Eatable = u#^Œy#
Indicative = KǶ̄_Ȱ
Lovable = „¿Ñq∞OѨ`«y#
Movable = Hõ^ŒeOK«^Œy#
Relative = ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú QÆÅ
Talkative = =∂\Ï_»∞
ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ
Wakeful =   "Õ∞ÖÁ¯xÜ«ÚO_»∞
Wavy = ÔH~°@=Ú=O\˜
Lengthy = á⁄_»"≥·#
Changeable = =∂~°∞ÊK≥O^ŒQÆÅ
Manageable = #_»∞ѨQÆÅ136
Courageous = ^è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅ
Loaded = |~°∞=Ù "ÕÜ«∞|_ç#
Gifted = „Ѩ[˝HõÅ
Vilainous = ^Œ∞~å‡~°æ"≥∞ÿ#
Laughable = Ǩ™êºã¨Ê^Œ"≥∞ÿ#
Movable = Hõ^ŒÖˇ_ç
Cheerless = P#O^Œ=Ú ÖËx
Tireless = JÅã¨@ÖËx
Biggish = ÃÑ^ŒÌ^≥·#
Smallish = z#fl^≥·#
Twofold = Ô~O_»∞Ô~>ˇÿ¡#
Fivefold = S^Œ∞Ô~>ˇÿ¡#
Adjective Phrases
A crown made of gold
A cloak of purple colour
An elephant with a white skin.
A track through the jungle.
A boywith blue eyes
A villge without any inhabitants.
A page with no writing on it.
The day of greatest length.
The flag of Spain
A load of great weight.
Tragic-Tragical
Whole- Wholesome
Three- Threefold
Black- Blackish
White- Whitish
Sick - Sickly
A golden crown
A purple cloak
A white elephant
A jungle track
A blue-eyed boy
A deserted village
A blank page
The longest day.
The Spanish flag.
A heavy load.
ADJECTIVES
Positive Degree Comparitive Degree Superlative Degree
Short = á⁄\˜ì Shorter Shortest
Long = á⁄_»=Ù Longer Longest
Strong = |Å=ÚQÆÅ Stronger Strongest
Quick = `˘O^Œ~° Quicker Quickest
Hot = "Õ_ç Hotter Hottest
Tall = á⁄_»=Ù Taller Tallest
Young = z#fl Younger Youngest
Old = ÃÑ^Œ˚ Older Oldest
Thick = ^Œ@ì=Ú Thicker Thickest137
New = H˘`«Î Newer Newest
Great = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Greater Greatest
Noble = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Nobler Noblest
Brave = ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ Braver Bravest
Able = ã¨=∞~°ú`«QÆÅ Abler Ablest
Wise = `≥eqQÆÅ Wiser Wisest
Large = ÃÑ^ŒÌ Larger Largest
Fine = ÉÏQÆ∞#fl Finer Finest
Pale = áêeáÈ~Ú# Paler Palest
Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Heavier Heaviest
Merry = Ǩïëê~°∞QÍ Merrier Merriest
Bulky = ÃÑ^ŒÌkQÍ Bulkier Bulkiest
Easy = ã¨∞à◊√=ÙQÍ Easier Easiest
Happy = ã¨O`À+¨=ÚQÍ Happier Happiest
Witty = #=ÙfiѨÙ\˜ìOK«∞ Wittier Wittiest
Big = ÃÑ^ŒÌ Bigger Biggest
Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sadder Saddest
Red = Z~°∞Ѩ٠Redder Reddest
Good = =∞Oz Better Best
Bad = K≥_»∞ Worse Worst
Well = =∞Oz Better Best
Many = KåÖÏ More Most
Much = Z‰õΩ¯= More Most
Old = =Úã¨e Elder Eldest
Out = |Ü«∞@ Utter utmost
Out = |Ü«∞@ Outer utmost138
Late = PÅ㨺=ÚQÍ Later Latest
Late = `«~°∞"å`« Latter Lost
Little = `«‰õΩ¯= Less Least
ill = K≥_»¤ Worst Worst
Far = ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ Farther Farthest
Fore = =ÚO^Œ∞ Former First or Fore
most
Beautiful = JO^Œ"≥∞#ÿ More beautiful Most
beautiful
Learned = áêO_ç`«º=Ú More learned Most learned
QÆÅ
Gifted = „Ѩ[˝QÆÅ More gifted Most gifted
Benefited = ÖÏÉèí=Úá⁄Ok More benefited Most
benefited
Courageous= ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ More courageous Most coura-
geous
Difficult = zÔH·¯# More difficult Most difficult
Proper = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# More proper Most proper
Near = ^ŒQÆæ~°QÆ Nearer Nearest
Clear = ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ Clearer Clearest
Hard = Hõ+¨ì=ÚQÆ Harder Hardest
Loud = aQÆæ~°QÆ Louder Loudest
Fast = `˘O^Œ~°QÆ Faster Fastest
Little = H˘OK≥=Ú Less Least
Well = ÉÏQÆ∞QÆ Better Best
Lovely = JO^Œ=ÚQÆ More Lovely/ Most lovely/
         Lovelier      Loveliest
Clearly = ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ More clearly Most clearly
Carefully = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÆ More carefully Most carefully139
ADVERB
( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú)
Definition : XHõ verb#∞ QÍx, adjective QÍx ÖËHõ =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ   adverb
q=iOz ÖËHõ =i‚OK«∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ adverb Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. Wk `˘q∞flk q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞.
i) Adverbs of Time = D adverbs HÍÅ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞
e.g: Now = Present tense
today
Already
before = Past tense
lately
Yesterday
Tomorrow, not yet
here after, hence forth
hence forward, immediately = Future tense
by and by, instantly
presently, straightly
Oft, Often, often times
weekly, yearly, when
even, again, soon                  = Adverbs of time140
something, seldom
( indefinite)
daily, monthly, always
Then never
2. Adverbs of number : ã¨OMϺѨÓ~°fiHõ „H˜Ü«∂qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ Ex
: Once, Twice, three times
3. Adverbs of place : ™ê÷#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠„H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : Here, There, Where, Here in, whither, Hither,
Elsewhere, Anywhere,
Somewhere, Nowhere, Whence, Thence, Thither,
Upward, Downward, Forward, Backward.
4. Adverbs of manner : q^è•#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ#q
e.g: Wisely, Justly, Quickly, Foolishly, Unjustly, Slowly.
5. Adverbs of degree or quantity  : Ѩiq∞u `≥Å∞Ѩ٠„H˜Ü«∂
qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : Much, Enough, Little , Sufficiently, Abundantly,
Almost, ( Adverbs of quantity)
6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation   ã≤÷~°Ñ¨~°K≥_»∞ =∞iÜ«Ú
ÖË^Œ#∞ÉèÏ==Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g: Adverbs of affirmation :
Verily, Truly, undoubtedly, yes, surely, indeed, doubtlesly,
certainly, really141
Adverbs of negation :
Nay, No, Not, Not at all, By no means
7. Adverbs of reason :  ¿ÇÏ`«∞x~°∂Ѩ} „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú
e.g : 1. Sita therefore left the house
2. Rama is hence unable to agree with Bharata
8. Interrogative adverbs : „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞
„H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú
e.g : How, wherefore, ( U HÍ~°}=Ú KÕ`« ) why, whether
9. Relative adverbs : ã¨O|O^èŒ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞
e.g : This is  the reason why he left the house.
Tell me the time when the Golkonda Express arrives.
1. ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ Adverbs U Ѩ^Œ=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ<À P
Ѩ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨g∞Ѩ=Ú# LO_»=Öˇ#∞. Jk Adjectives #∞
QÍx, =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb #∞ QÍx modify KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl
ѨHõ∆=Ú# ^•xH˜ =ÚO^Õ LO_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : He leads a very simple life
 (adverbs) (Adjective)
The house is indeed beautifully designed
   (adverbs) (adverb)
HÍx enough J#∞ adverb =∂„`«=Ú "≥#∞Hõ =K«∞Û#∞
e.g : It is not big enough142
2. „H˜Ü«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙ_»∞, Jk Intransitive verb J~Ú#,
^•x "≥O@<Õ J#∞ã¨iOz Ü«ÚO_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g: He likes quietly
3. „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^Œ=Ú ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞Å`À ( auxiliary verbs)
‰õÄ_çÜ«Ú#flѨÙÊ_»∞ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩJã¨Å∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ =∞^茺
=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : He has roughly failed
4. H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ adverb "åHõº=Ú# =ÚO^Õ =K«∞Û#∞
e.g : Once there lived a king
Here is the boy I told you of
( ~åÉ’=Ù Hõ~°Î‰õΩ =∂~°æxˆ~Ìâ◊=Ú KÕã≤#k. Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ WÖÏO\˜ "å\˜x
preparatory adverbs JO^Œ∞~°∞)
5. Exclamatory  "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® "åHõº
„áê~°OÉèí=Ú# =K«∞Û#∞
e.g. How nice you are !
6. Nominative absolute ÖËHõ adverbial subject #O^Œ∞ =K«∞Û#∞
e.g : While I was walking in the garden, a bee stung me.
7. D „H˜Ok  Intransitive verbs `«~°∞"å`« =zÛ# nouns JxflÜ«Ú
PÜ«∂ „H˜Ü«∞Å objects QÍ HõxÑ≤OK«∞K«∞#flq. x[=Ú#‰õΩ
Jq objects HÍ=Ù. Adverbs QÍ "å_»|_ç#   nouns
e.g : I go my way
A bid in hand is worth two in the bush143
He waited an hour
He walked a mile
8. ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÍ Noun =ÚO^Œ∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ  Adjective J^Õ
verb =ÚO^Œ∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ Adverb
e.g: It was a long journey
( Adjective)
Long live the king !
( Adverb)
9. Rather, just as soon, just as well.
i) just as well LѨÜ≥∂yOz# – ^•x=Å# <åˆHq∞
JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú ÖË^Œ∞ Jx J~°ú=Ú
Ex : I might just as well said it today.
ii) Just as soon – LѨÜ≥∂yOz# – hˆHq∞ JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú ÖËHõ
áÈ~Ú# Jx J~°ú=Ú
Ex : I would just as soon send it today
iii) rather "å_ç#, <å Jaè„áêÜ«∞=∞_çy#  J@∞¡ KÕÜ«Ú@
<åH˜+¨ì=Ú Jx J~°ú=Ú
Ex : I would rather send it today
9. Fairly = ѨiѨÓ~°‚`« "ÕѨىõΩ "≥ÚQÆ∞æ K«∂ѨÙ#∞. =∞iÜ«Ú positive
meaning #∞ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.144
Ex : I am fairly good in Mathematics
10. rather =   =ºuˆ~Hõ=ÚQÍ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. J#QÍ negative meaning
ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
e.g: I am rather weak in English
11. enough
enough   #∞ positive sentence   Ö’ "å_»=Öˇ#∞
e.g : I am tired enough to go to bed at once.
12. Too  nxx negative sentense  Ö’ "å_»=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : The water is  too hot . (not heat)
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
1. XHõ ã≤Å|ÚÖò (Syllable) L#fl   Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ#∞  'er'
HõÅ∞ѨÙ@ =Å# comparitive degree =K«∞Û#∞.
'est' HõÅ∞ѨÙ@ =Å# superlative degree =K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : Positive Comparative Superlative
Fast Faster Fastest
The horse runs fast
The train runs faster
The motor car runs fastest145
2. z=~° 'ly' JHõ∆~°=Ú`À JO`«=∞QÆ∞ Adverb Ѩ^Œ=ÚʼnõΩ more
HõeÑ≤  comparative degree  ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ most  HõeÑ≤
superlative degree ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ ™êkèOѨ=Öˇ#∞.
e.g : Swiflty    more swiftly      most swiftly
3. H˘xfl adverbs Ü≥ÚHõ¯ comparative degree ~°∂Ѩ=Ú
superlative degree Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=Ú =„HõѨ^ŒúuQÍ
U~°Ê_»∞#∞.
Positive Comparative
Superlative
Badly Worse Worst
Well Better Best
(now, then, where, there once J#∞"å\˜H˜ `«~°`«=∞
~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞O_»=Ù. )146
adverbs ( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞)
now = WѨÙÊ_»∞
to day = D~ÀA
already = Wk=~°ˆH
before = =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ
lately =     PÅ㨺=ÚQÍ
yesterday = x#fl
Adverbs of Future
tomorrow = ˆ~ѨÙ
not yet =     WOHõ#∞~åÖË^Œ∞
here after = WHõ#∞O_ç
hence forth = WHõg∞^Œ
hence forward= W@∞ÃÑ·#
immediately = "≥O@<Õ
by and by = "≥O@"≥O@<Õ
instantly = `«Hõ∆}"Õ∞
presently = WѨÙÊ_»∞
straightly = <Õ~°∞QÍ
Adverbs of time
( Indefinite)
Often = ѨÅ∞=∂~°∞¡
Often times = J<ÕHõ
Ѩ~åºÜ«∞=Ú
weekly = „Ѩu"å~°=Ú
yearly =  ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú#‰õΩ
when = ZѨÙÊ_»∞
ever = ZÅ¡"Õà◊Ö
again = =∞~°Ö
Twice = Ô~O_»∞=∂~°∞¡
Here = WHõ¯_»
There = JHõ¯_»
Where = ZHõ¯_»
Elsewhere = "Õ~°∞ã¨÷Å=∞O^Œ∞
Anywhere = ZHõ¯_≥·##∞
Some where = ZHõ¯_À
XHõ KÀ@
Thence = JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç
Thrice = =Ú=∂‡~°∞
Here in = WO^Œ∞Ö’#∞
Whither = ZHõ¯_»‰õΩ
Hither = WHõ¯_»‰õΩ
Thither = JHõ¯_»‰õΩ
Upward = ÃÑ·H˜
Downward = „H˜O^Œ‰õΩ
Forward = =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ
Backward = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ
Quickly = `˘O^Œ~°QÆ
Slowly = <≥=∞‡kQÍ
Late = PÅ㨺=ÚQÍ
Very = Z‰õΩ¯=
So =  JO`«, P„ѨHÍ~°O
Hõ#∞Hõ147
Quite = ÉÁuÎQÆ, ѨÓiÎQÆ
Too = ‰õÄ_», Ju
Also = =∞iÜ«Ú#∞
Very = q∞H˜¯e, KåÖ,
JkèHõ=ÚQÆ
Just = ã¨iQÆ, ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÆ
Scarcely = KåeKåʼnõΩO_»
Barely = ã¨iQÆ
Hardly = KåbKåÅHõ
Always = ZšѨÙÊ_»∞#∞
verily = x[=ÚQÆ
truly = ã¨`«º=ÚQÍ
undoubtedly   = ã¨O^ÕǨÏ
~°Ç≤Ï`«=ÚQÆ
doubtlessly =   xã¨ûOâ◊Ü«∞=ÚQÆ
certainly = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆ
Nay = ÖË^Œ∞
No = HÍ^Œ∞
Not = ÖË^Œ∞
Yes = J=Ù#∞
surely = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆ
indeed = ~°∂_èçQÆ
really = x[=ÚQÍ
Not at all = Uq^èŒ=ÚQÆ#∞
HÍ^Œ∞
By no means = UHÍ~°}=Ú
=Å¡#∞ HÍ^Œ∞
Now = WѨÙÊ_»∞
Then = JѨÙÊ_»∞
Fully,
completely = ѨÓiÎQÆ
Enough = Kåe#O`«
Certainly = `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_»
Therefore = ÖË^Œ∞, HÍ^Œ∞
Hence = HÍ|\˜ì
Herewith = WO^Œ∞`À
Hereby = WO^ΰ
=¸Å=ÚQÆ
Hereafter = WHõg∞^Œ@
Therein = JO^Œ∞Ö’
Thence = JHõ¯_»#∞O_ç
Thenceforth = JѨÊ\˜#∞O_ç
Whereabouts = Uã¨÷Å=Ú#
Whence = ZHõ¯_» #∞O_ç
Evenly = ã¨=∞=ÚQÍ
Therefore = P Ñ≤=∞‡@/
Hõ#∞Hõ
Thereby = JO^Œ∞=Å#
Thereof = ^•xÜ≥ÚHõ¯
Thereto = JHõ¯_»‰õΩ
Whereabouts = ZKÀÛ@
Whereabouts = U ã¨÷Å=Ú#
Where in = UKÀ@∞Ö’
Thenceforth = JѨÊ\˜#∞O_ç148
Hereabout = D „áêO`«OÖ’
Herein = WO^Œ∞Ö’
Hereof = WO^Œ∞#∞Oz
Therein = JO^Œ∞Ö’
Therefore = Hõ#∞Hõ
Thereon = JO^Œ∞ÃÑ·#
Thereupon = JO^Œ∞g∞^Œ
Where at = ZK«Û@
Whereby = ^•x=Å#
Thenceforward= JHõ¯_»#∞O_ç
Hereafter = WHõg∞^Œ@
Hereon = WO^Œ∞g∞^Œ
Hereto = WO^ΰ䛽
Simple =  x~å_»O|~°=ÚQÆ
Double = Ô~O_»∞
Ample = `«y#O`«/
q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆ
Amicable = [QÆ_»=ÚÖËx
Amenable = Ö’|_ç
Meek = ™ê^èŒ∞=ÙQÆ
Weak = h~°ã¨=ÚQÆ
Clear = ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ
Wise = `≥eqQÆ
Much = q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆ
Little = H˘OK≥=ÚQÆ
Sufficiently = Kåe#O`«
Enough = Kåe#O`«
Abundantly = qâı+¨=ÚQÆ
Almost = ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÆ
Wisely = q"ÕHõ=ÚQÍ
Justly = <åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍ
Quickly = j„Ѷ¨∞=ÚQÍ
Foolishly = =¸_è»`«fi=ÚQÍ
Unjustly = J<åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍ
Slowly = x^•#=ÚQÍ
accurately =
How =
Where fore =
why =
whether =
carefully =
conveniently =
plainly =
properly =
simply =
truthfully =
badly =
clearly =
dangerously =
pleasantly =
quietly =
strangely =
urgently =
beautifully =
closely =
easily =
politely =
richly =
swiftly =
widely =
brightly =
clumsily =
perfectly =
poorly =
roughly =149
thickly =
wonderfully =
Adverbs describing the
feelings of person
angrily =
calmly =
gratefully =
happily =
anxiously =
cheerfully =
happily =
proudly =
bitterly =
eagerly =
hopefully =
sadly =
boldly =
gladly =
miserably =
sincerely =
Adverbs  indicating the
circumstances
alone =
duly =
naturally =
personally =
artificially =
indirectly =
officially =
publicly =
bodily =
jointly =
openly =
secretly =
directly =
legally =
part-time =
specially =
Adverbs of degree
almost =
together =
fairly =
just =
amazingly =
dearly =
fully =
largely =
awfully =
deeply =
greatly =
nearly =
badly =
entirely =
half =
rather =
Happily =
Steadily =
Angrily =
Wavily =
comparison of adverbs
Positive Comparitive Superlative
Fast Faster Fastest
Long Longer Longest
Hard Harder Hardest
Soon Sooner Soonest
Near Nearer Nearest
Loud Louder Loudest
Swiftly More swiftly Most swiftly
Skilfully More skillfully Most skilfully
Faithfully More faithfully Most faithfully150
Carefully More  carefully Most carefully
Wisely More wisely Most wisely
Quickly More quickly Most quickly
Bravely More bravely Most bravely
Splendid = âߡѶ¨∞hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# More splendid Most splendid
Difficult = Hõ+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# More difficult Most difficult
Beautiful = JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# More beautiful Most beautiful
Courageous = ^è≥·~°º=O`«∞_≥·# Morecourageous Most courageous
Industrious = Hõ$+≤=O`«∞_≥·# More industrious Most industrious
Proper = `«y# More proper Most proper
Learned = qA˝_≥·# More learned Most learned
Comfortable = ã¨∞Y=O`«∞_≥·# More comfortable Most comfortable
Expensive = Ys^≥·# More expensive Most expensive
Experienced = J#∞Éèí==ÚHõÅ More experienced Most experienced
Useful = LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°"≥∞ÿ More useful Most useful
Balanced = ã¨g∞Hõ$`«"≥∞ÿ# More balanced Most balanced
Fore = =ÚO^Œ∞K≥ѨÊ|_ç# Former Foremost, First
Nigh = ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ#∞#fl Nigher Nighest, Next
Much, Many = Z‰õΩ¯"≥·# More Most
Little Less, =  ã¨fiÅÊ"≥∞ÿ# Lesser Least
Old = =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûHõÅ Older, elder Oldest, eldest
Good, well = =∞Oz Better Best
Bad, evil, ill = K≥_»¤Worse Worst
Late = PÅ㨺"≥∞ÿ# Later,Latter Latest, Last
Far= ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ L#fl Farther, further Farthest further most
Bold = ^è≥·~°º=ÚHõÅ Bolder Boldest
Clever = `≥eqQÆÅ Cleverer Cleverest
Great = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Greater Greatest151
Cheap = KÒHõÜ≥ÿ∞# Cheaper Cheapest
Dull = =∞O^ŒH˘_çÜ≥ÿ∞# Duller Dullest
Fair = JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# Fairer Fairest
Hard = Hõ+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# Harder Hardest
Kind = ^ŒÜ«∞QÆÅ Kinder Kindest
Long = á⁄_»"≥·# Longer Longest
Mean = hK«"≥∞ÿ# Meaner Meanest
Old = =Úã¨eÜ≥ÿ∞# Older Oldest
Poor = c^ŒÜ≥ÿ∞# Poorer Poorest
Quick = "ÕQÆ"≥∞ÿ# Quicker Quickest
Small = z#fl^≥·# Smaller Smallest
Tall = á⁄_»"≥·# Taller Tallest
Young = =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÖ’#∞#fl Younger Youngest
Happy = P#O^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Happier Happiest
Easy = ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ# Easier Easiest
Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Heavier Heaviest
Merry = ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Merrier Merriest
Wealthy = ^èŒ#=O`«"≥∞ÿ# Wealthier Wealthiest
Dry = ZO_ç# Drier Driest
Pretty = JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# Prettier Prettiest
Lazy = ™È=∞iÜ≥ÿ∞# Lazier Laziest
Healthy = P~ÀQƺHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Healthier Healthiest
Sorry = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sorrier Sorriest
Mighty = |Å=O`«∞_≥·# Mightier Mightiest
Ugly = JO^ŒqÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# Uglier Ugliest
Red = Z„~°x Redder Reddest
Big = ÃÑ^ŒÌ^≥·# Bigger Biggest152
Thin = ã¨#flx Thinner Thinnest
Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sadder Saddest
Mad = Ñ≤zÛÜ≥ÿ∞# Madder Maddest
Hot = "Õ_çÜ≥ÿ∞# Hotter Hottest
Fat =   |Åã≤# Fatter Fattest
Wet = `«_çã≤# Wetter Wettest
Health = P~ÀQƺ=Ú Healthy  = P~ÀQƺ=O`«"≥∞ÿ#
Hope = Pâ◊Hopeful  = PâßѨÓ~°fiHõ"≥∞ÿ#
Industry = áê@∞ Industrious = áê@∞Ѩ_≥_»∞
Injury = Ǩx Injurious = ǨxHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Illusion = „Éèí=∞ Illusory „Éèí=∞ѨÙ\˜ìOK≥_»∞
Joy = ã¨O`À+¨=Ú Joyful, ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
oyous ã¨O`À+¨=Ú`À xO_ç#
Juice = ~°ã¨=Ú Juicy ~°ã¨=Ú=Öˇ
Laugh = #=Ùfi Laughable #=ÙfiѨÙ\˜ìOK≥_»∞
Man = ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_»∞ Manly áœ~°∞+¨=ÚQÆÅ
Monkey = HÀu Monkeyish HÀu=Öˇ
KåѨź=ÚQÆÅ
Noise = ã¨O^Œ_ç Noisy ã¨^Œ∞ÌKÕÃã_»∞
Outrage = ^Ò~°˚#º=Ú Outrageous ^èÒ~°˚#º"≥∞ÿ#
Order         = =~°∞㨄Hõ=∞=Ú Orderly „Hõ=∞"≥∞ÿ#
Office = HõKÕi Official JkèHÍiHõ"≥∞ÿ#
Pardon = Hõ∆=∂Ѩ} Pardonable Hõ∆q∞OѨ^Œy#
Peace = âßOu Peaceful âßOuÜ«Ú`«"≥∞ÿ#
Pity = ^ŒÜ«∞, HõxHõ~°=Ú Pitiable HõxHõiOѨ^Œy#
Play = P@, „H©_» Playful P@ÖÏ_≥_»∞
Rebel = u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞^•~°∞ Rebellious             u~°QÆ|_»∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ153
Rigour = Hõiî#`«fi=Ú Rigorous Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ#/ f„="≥∞ÿ#
Regret = qKå~°=Ú Regrettable qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Sense = `≥eq Sensible `≥eqQÆÅ
Sensual = WO„kÜ«∞ "åOKè«QÆÅ Sensitive ã¨∞xfl`«"≥∞ÿ#
Shame = ã≤QÆ∞æ, J==∂#=Ú Shameful J==∂#Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Sin = áêѨ=Ú Sinful áêѨHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Storm = `«∞á¶ê#∞ Stormy           `«∞á¶ê#∞ =K«∞Û#@∞ìO_»∞
Season = |∞∞`«∞=Ù Seasonal |∞Ú`«∞ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#
Thrift = á⁄^Œ∞Ѩ٠Thrifty á⁄^Œ∞ѨÙQÍ
Trouble = ÉÏ^èŒ Troubleous `˘O^Œ~°ÃÑ@∞ì
Troublesome ÉÏ^è•Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Trick = l`«∞Î Trickish l`«∞ÎÅ=∂iÜ≥ÿ∞#
Theology =  "Õ^•O`«âß„ã¨Î=Ú Theological    "Õ^•O`«âß„ã¨Îã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#
Ubiquity = ã¨~°fi"åºÑ≤`«=Ú Ubiquitous ã¨~°fi"åºÑ≤Ü≥ÿ∞#
Venture = ™êǨÏã¨=Ú Venturesome ã¨Ç¨Ïã¨=ÚQÆÅ154
PREPOSITIONS
qÉèíHõκ~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# J=ºÜ«∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞
Definiton : XHõ "åHõº=Ú# XHõ Noun ‰õΩ QÍx Pronoun ‰õΩ QÍx "Õ~˘Hõ
Ѩ^Œ=Ú`À QÆÅ ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞
Ѩ^Œ=Ú  preposition ( placed before)
1. XH˘¯Hõ¯Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ XHõ preposition #‰õΩ Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO`«HõO>Ë
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx objects LO_»=K«∞Û#∞
e.g : The mail track runs over hill and plain
2. ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ preposition ^•x object #‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ
LO_»∞#∞. HÍx H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’  `«~°∞"å`« ‰õÄ_® =K«∞Û#∞
e.g : Here is the book you asked for.
3. Relative pronoun Ѩ^Œ=Ú object QÍ =zÛ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ÖËHõ
Ö’Ñ≤Oz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ preposition `«Ñ¨ÊHõ z=~°=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : That is the girl whom I spoke of155
4. Interrogative pronoun Ѩ^Œ=Ú object QÍ L#flѨÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_®
`«~°K«∞QÆ preposition z=~° =K«∞Û#∞
e.g : What are you looking at ?
5. <˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩQÍ#∞ XH˘¯Hõ¯Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Object =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@
HõÅ^Œ∞.
e.g : He is known all the world over.
6. For, from, in, on J#∞ preposition Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ Nouns of place
or time =ÚO^Œ∞Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞ K«∞O_»∞#∞.
e.g : We did it (in) last week
Wait (for) a minute
There are 4 kinds of prepositions
1. Simple prepositions : ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ#q
e.g : at, for, with, under, near, through.
by, to, in, up, out, down, of, over, from,
off, till
2. Compound prepositions ã¨=∂㨠Ѩ^Œ"≥∞ÿ#q. ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ
noun #‰õΩ QÍx Adjective ‰õΩ QÍx Adverb #‰õΩ QÍx ( a-as,
or be - by) ÖËHõ b HõÅ∞ѨÙ@ =Å# compound preposition U~°Ê_»∞#∞
e.g : About, among, above, amongst below, beneath
across, along amidst, below, beside,
beyond, outside, beyond, within.
3. Phrase Prepositions : H˘xfl Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú Hõeã≤156
Preposition KÕÜ«ÚѨx KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ P Ѩ^Œ
ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú#∞ Phrase preposition JO^Œ∞~°∞.
e.g:   According to, beacuse of, by virtue of,
   In accordance with, by dint of, by way of, in
  addition to,
4. Participle prepositions : H˘#fl Verbs Ü≥ÚHõ¯ present participle
~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ prepositionsQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»∞K«∞#flq.
e.g: Baring, during, notwithstanding, concerning,
pending, respecting, considering, re
garding, touching
 H˘xfl Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ adverbs QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_®
ѨÙÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_»∞K«∞#flq
e.g : Adverb QÍ Preposition QÍ
He runs about Tell me about kalidasa
He has since done it I have not taken water since
yesterday
Take this over to the Railway Rama ruled over India
station
HÍx away, back, out, back ward (s) down ward (s) forward (s)
=∂„`«=Ú adverb QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. Preposition <å=∞
"åK«Hõ=Ú`À, pronoun `À ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`« ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.
RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS157
qÉèíHõκ~°úHõ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞
1. ã¨÷Å=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz PREPOSITIONS
e.g : Within the house
tour round the world
lean against a wall
left for Bombay
2. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q (Time)
e.g : towards evening
since yesterday
3. Agency, Instrumentality ( HÍ~°}=ÚQÍ #∞#fl ™ê^èŒ#=ÚQÍ
#∞#fl ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú)
e.g: sell goods at auction
cut it with a knife
4. Manner : q^è•#=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q
e.g: Fought with courage
worked with care
falling by inches
5. Cause, Reason, Purpose = (HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=Ù,
„ѨÜ≥∂[#=ÚʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q)
e.g : Worked for the good of all
good place for a picnic
died of cancer158
suffers from pain
6. Possession :  ( HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#@∞ì ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú)
e.g: the temple of srinathji
the girl with black eyes
7. Measure, standard, Rate, Value  ( Ѩi=∂}=Ú, „Ѩܫ∂}=Ú,
^èŒ~°, qÅ∞=ʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q)
e.g : Interest at twelve percent
House by the tower clock
cloth is sold by the metre
he lost the race by a metre
8. Contrast, concession : ( =º`åºã¨=Ú, `«yæOѨ٠=O\˜
ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞)
e.g : After every effort, he faild
For one vacancy a thousand applications
9. Inference, notice, source or origin :
( TǨ, (J#∞=∂#=Ú) ÉèÏ=ÅHõ∆º=Ú, =¸Å=Ú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞
ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞)
e.g : He came here with gratitude
Heat emanates from the sea
This is a quotation from Ramayana
skill comes from practice
H˘xfl =ÚMϺOâ◊=ÚÅ∞159
1.   But :   D Ѩ^Œ=Ú Prepostion QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ except
(q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙ) Jx  J~°ú=Ú
e.g : None but the brave deserves victory
2.  H˘xfl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ 'a' JHõ∆~°=Ú 'on' J#∞ preposition
|^Œ∞Å∞ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g : Harvesting cooly at two rupees per day
3. 'In' ÃÑ^ŒÌ ^Õâ◊=Ú, ÃÑ^ŒÌ #QÆ~°=ÚÅ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú#
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g: He is in Europe
Rama living in Hyderabad
4. 'at' z#fl #QÆ~°=ÚÅ, „QÍ=∞=ÚÅ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g : Krishna lives at Kamalapuram
5. 'in' 'at' on J#∞ K«Å#=Ú ÖËx "å\˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú#
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g: He is in bed
Rama is at the top of the class
Rama sat in a chair
6. 'to' 'into' upon, J#∞#q K«Å#=Ú#fl "å\˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú#
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g: He ran to the playground
He jumped into the sea
The dog sprang upon the gate160
7. till J#∞#k HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ
e.g : I waited till seven O0
clock.
8. 'to' J#∞#k ã¨÷Å=Ú ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g : I walked to the park
9. 'with' J#∞#k ™ê^èŒ#=Ú#‰õΩ by J#∞#k „ѨuxkèH˜
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
e.g : Two birds with one shot killed by a soldier
10. 'since' J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú Noun ‰õΩ Noun phrase ‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞O_ç
HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. ^•x=ÚO^˘Hõ
verb Ü≥ÚHõ¯ present perfect tense ~°∂Ѩ=ÚO_»∞#∞.
e.g : I have taken nothing since morning
He has been in the hospital since Ist March
11. 'From' J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú ‰õÄ_® HÍÅ=Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞@ÔH·
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. J~Ú`Õ ^•x "≥O@ Jxfl Tenses Ö’ L#fl
verbs ~å=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g : I worked at it from Ist February to 10th March.
My son will be at the University from tomorrow
12. H˘O`«HÍŠѨiq∞ux K«∂Ѩ٠'Noun' =ÚO^Œ∞
'in'LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞  'at the end of' z=~° Jx  J~°ú=Ú.
'within' LѨÜ≥∂yOz##ѨÙÊ_»∞ P HÍÅѨiq∞u =ÚyÜ«Ú Ö’QÍ
Jx J~°ú=Ú
e.g : I will come back in an hour161
Complete it within an hour
13. 'Between' J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú Ô~O_»∞ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ =∞^茺 W^ŒÌ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ
=∞^茺 LáÈÜ«∞yO`«~°∞~°∞.
e.g : The two brothers shared the patrimony between
themselves
14. 'Among' J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú Ô~O_»∞HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ #∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞
LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g: Yadavas quarrelled among themselves
15. 'Beside' J#QÍ at ( or by) the side of Jx J~°ú=Ú
e.g : Beside the road stones he lay
16. 'Besides' J#QÍ  in addition to Jx J~°ú=Ú
e.g : Besides his family, he has other dependants.
VERBAL PREPOSITIONS
Associate with = ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú
HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Angry with /at = HÀѨ=Ú=K«∞Û
Bear with = ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞
Clash with = Z^Œ∞~˘¯#∞
Condole with = qKå~°=Ú
   =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú
Comply with = JOwHõiOK«∞
Correspond
with =  L`«Î~°„Ѩ`«∞º`«Î~°=ÚÅ∞
„"åÜ«Ú
Credit with = [=∞Hõ@∞ì
Agree with/to = ã¨iѨ_»∞@, JOwHõiOK«∞
Dispense with =  J=ã¨~°=ÚÖˉõΩO_»KÕÜ«Ú
Fill in = xOѨÙ
Grapple on/with= ÃÑ#∞QÆ∞ÖÏ_»∞
Meddle with = HõÅ∞QÆKÕã¨∞H˘#∞
Part from/ with =  q_»zÃÑ@∞ì
Quarrel with = ^≥|ƒÖÏ_»∞162
Side  by = "≥·Ñ¨Ù LO_»∞
Sympathise  with=  ™ê#∞Éèí∂u K«∂ѨÙ
Entrust  with = Ѩx JѨÊK≥ѨÙÊ
Familiar with/ among=  ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤LO_»∞
Alight  from = kQÆ∞
Debar  from = PѨ٠KÕÜ«Ú
Derive from = á⁄O^Œ∞
Distinguish
from = `Õ_® `≥eã≤H˘#∞
Differ from =  "Õ~°∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=ÚO_»∞
Deviate from = =∞~°Å∞
Elicit from = ÖÏQÆ∞
Emerge from = |Ü«∞\˜H˜=K«∞Û
Escape from = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞
Comply with = JOwHõiOK«∞
Exclude from = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞
Preserve from = HÍáê_»∞
Protect from = ~°H˜∆OK«∞H˘#∞
Prohibit from =  x¿+kèOK«∞
Recover from = uiy á⁄O^Œ∞@
Adapt to = ã¨iѨ_»∞#@∞¡ KÕÜ«Ú
Adhere to =  =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_®
Allot to = qÉèÏyOz WK«∞Û
Appologise to/ for =  Hõ∆=∂~°Ê}HÀ~°∞
Appoint to = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞
Aspire to = Pâ◊HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Assent to =  J#∞=∞uOK«∞
Contribute to = q~åà◊q∞K«∞Û
Attain to = KÕ~°∞
Attend to/ on = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÆ KÕÜ«Ú
Attempt to =   „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«∞
Attribute to =  P~ÀÑ≤OK«∞
Belong to =  ™⁄`«∞ÎJQÆ∞
Conduce to =  ^ÀǨÏ^Œ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú
Conform to =  =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_»∞
Compare to/ with =  áÈÅ∞Û
Consent to =  XѨÙÊH˘#∞
Lead to =  ^•ifÜ«Ú
Listen to =  q#∞
Object to =  J_»∞¤ÃÑ@∞ì
Occur to = =K«∞Û
Prefer to =  ZOK«∞H˘#∞
Pretened to = #\˜OK«∞
Revert to = uiy=K«∞Û
Refer to = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ
ѨOѨÙ
Stoop to = hKåxH˜ kQÆ*Ï~°∞
Submit to/ with = JkèHÍ~°=Ú „H˜O^ŒLO_»∞
Succumb to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù
Surrender to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù
Testifyt to = ™êHõ∆ºq∞K«∞Û
Yield to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù
Canvass for = „ѨKå~°=Ú KÕÜ«Ú163
Atone for = ѨiǨ~°=Ú K≥e¡OK«∞
Care for = „â◊^Œúfã¨∞H˘#∞
Clamour for = QÀÅKÕÜ«Ú
Feel for = `«_»∞=ÚH˘#∞
Hope for = PtOK«∞
Mourn for = qKåiOK«∞
Pine for = `«Ñ≤OK«∞
Start for/ With = |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°∞
Sue for = ^•"åKÕÜ«Ú
Wish for = HÀiHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Yearn for = HÀ~°∞H˘#∞
Approve of = J#∞=∞uOK«∞
Acquit of / from = q_»∞^ŒÅKÕÜ«Ú
Beware of = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ LO_»∞
Boast of = Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ K≥ѨÙÊ
Complain of = Ѷ≤~åº^Œ∞ KÕÜ«Ú
Despair of = Pâ◊=^ŒÅ∞
Die of/ for = K«xáÈ=Ù
Dispose  off = Jq∞‡"ÕÜ«Ú
Divert of / from = ^Œ$+≤ì =∞~°eOK«∞
Dream of =  HõÅÅ∞ Hõ#∞
Repent of / from= ѨâßÛ`åÎѨѨ_»∞
Taste of = ~°∞z
Dabble in / with = KÕ~Ú^Œ∂~°∞Û
Delight in = P#OkOK«∞
Employ in = ѨxKÕÜ«Ú
Enlist in = #"≥∂^ŒQÆ∞
Excel in / From = W`«~°∞Å#∞ JkèQÆq∞OK«∞
Fail  in = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ
Glory in = QÆifiOK«∞
Indulge in = KÕÜ«Ú@Ü«∞O^Œ∞O_»∞
Involve in = z‰õΩ¯H˘#∞
Persist  on = Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅQÆ KÕÜ«Ú
Comment on = "åºMϺxOK«∞
Deliberate on = x~°‚Ü«∞=ÚH˘~°‰õΩ
=∂\Ï¡_»∞
Depend on = P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞
Determine on = x~°‚~ÚOK«∞H˘#∞
Encroach  on = P„Hõq∞OK«∞
Enlarge on = Z‰õΩ¯= „"åÜ«Ú ÖËHõ
K≥ѨÙÊ
Impose on = qkèOK«∞
Insist on = <˘H˜¯K≥ѨÙÊ
Subsist on = „|`«∞‰õΩ
Smile at = J~Ú+¨ì`«#∞ K«∂ѨÙ
Stay at/ in = LO_»∞
Look at / into/upon /down= K«∂K«∞
Noun Preposition
Affection for = Jaè=∂#=Ú
Appetite for = `«$+¨‚
Ambition for = Pâ◊
Anxiety for = P`«$`«
Apology for =  Hõ∆=∂~°Ê}
Aptitude for = Jaè~°∞z164
Blame for = xOkOK«∞@
Candidate for = JÉèíºiúQÆ LO_»∞
Capacity for = ã¨=∞~°ú`«
Compassion for= ^Άǰ
Compensation
for = #+¨ìѨiǨ~°=Ú
Contempt for = Jã¨Ç¨Ïº=Ú
Craving for = Z‰õΩ¯= HÀiHõ
Desire for = HÀiHõ
Fitness for = `«yÜ«ÚO_»∞
Fondness for = Z‰õΩ¯= W+¨ì=Ú
Leisure for = fiHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú
Liking for =  W+¨ì=Ú
Match for =  ã¨=∞Lr˚
Motive for = L^ÕÌâ◊º=Ú
Need for =  J=ã¨~°=Ú
Opportunity for = J=HÍâ◊=Ú
Passion for = HÀiHõ( |Å"≥∞ÿ#)
Partiality for =   ѨHõ∆áê`«=Ú
Pity for = ^Άǰ
Relish for = ~°∞z
Reputation for = „Ѩã≤kú
Surety for = Ǩg∞
Assurance of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú
Charge of / with= xO^Œ
Distrust of = JѨ#=∞‡Hõ=Ú
Doubt of = J#∞=∂#=Ú
Experience of = J#∞Éèí==Ú
Failure of = ÉèíOQÆ=Ú
Observance of = áê\˜OK«∞
Proof of = ™êHõ∆º=Ú
Result of = Ѷ¨e`«=Ú
Want of = ÖËHõáÈ=Ù
Access to = JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞
Allegiance to = Q“~°==Ú
Alternative to = =∞~˘Hõ\˜
Antidote to = q~°∞QÆ∞_»∞
Approach to = ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞
Assent to = JOwHÍ~°=Ú
Attachment to = ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú
Attention to = „â◊^Œú
Concession to =   ã¨=∞‡u
Disgrace to =   J==∂#=Ú
Dislike to =   J~Ú+¨ì=Ú
Encouragement
to = „áÈ`åûǨÏ=Ú
Exception to = JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú HõeyOK«∞
Incentive to =  „áÈ`åûǨÏq∞K«∞Û#k
Indifference to = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»
Invitation to = PǨfi#=Ú
Key to = `åà◊=ÚK≥q
Limit to = Ѩiq∞u
Obedience to = q^èÕÜ«∞`«165
Objection to = JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú
Opposition to = =ºuˆ~Hõ`«
Preface to =   =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@
Reference to =   =∞iÜ≥ÚHõx PÖ’K«#‰õΩ
ѨOѨÙ
Submission to =   ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù
Supplement to = KÕ~°Û|_ç#k
Acceptable to =   JOwHÍ~°=ÚQÆ LO_»∞
Accustomed to =   JÅ"å@∞Ѩ_ç LO_»∞
Addicted to = JÅ"å@∞Ѩ_ç LO_»∞
Adequate to = ã¨iáÈ=Ù
Adjecent to =  „ѨHõ¯#
Affectionate to = Jaè=∂#=Ú
HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Akin to = áÈeÜ«ÚO_»∞
Alien to = Ѩ~å~Ú"å_»∞ ÖËHõ
Ѩ~å~ÚkQÆ LO_»∞
Alive to =   `≥eã≤H˘x Ü«ÚO_»∞
Amenable to =   Ö’|_ç
Temptation to =   „¿Ñ~°}
Acquaintance
with =   ѨiK«Ü«∞=Ú
Alliance with =   ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú
Bargain with =   ÉË~°=∂_»∞
Intercourse with= J<Àº#º ã¨OѨ~°¯=Ú
Deliverance from=   q=ÚH˜Î
Escape from = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞
Exemption from=   q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙ
Inference from =   TǨ
Concern about =   zO`«
Impression on = Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú
Authority on = JkèHÍ~°=Ú
Exposure of = QÆ∞iKÕÜ«Ú ÖËHõ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞
`˘ÅyOK«∞
Erosion of =   H˘@∞ìH˘xáÈ=Ù
Applicable to =    =iÎOK«∞@
Appropriate to =   `«yÜ«ÚO_»∞
Beneficial  to =   ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞Hõ=Ú
Common to =   ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÆ
Comparable to =   áÈeHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Condemmed to =   tHõ∆ qkèOK«∞
Conducive to = ÉÏQÆ∞ KÕÜ«Ú#k
Congenial to =   ã¨=∞=∞QÆ∞#k
Contrary to =   =ºuˆ~Hõ=ÚQÆ
Creditable to = âߡѶ¨∞"≥∞ÿ#kQÆ
Deaf to =   x=ã≤OK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞
Detrimental to = K≥_»∞ KÕÜ«Ú#kQÆ
Devoted to = ã¨=∞iÊOѨ|_ç#
Entitled to =   ǨωõΩ¯HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Equal to = ã¨=∂#=ÚQÆ
Essential to = J=ã¨~°=ÚQÆ
Faithful to = #=∞‡Hõ=ÚQÆ
Exposed to = Z_»q∞K«∞Û
Fatal to = „Ѩ=∂^Œ=Ú166
Hostile to = =ºuˆ~Hõ=Ú
Impertinent to = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# Q“~°==Ú
K«∂ѨHõáÈ=Ù
Incidental to =   =K«∞Û
Inclined to =   W+¨ìѨ_»∞, "≥ÚQÆ∞æ
Indebted to =   JѨÙÊѨ_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞
Indifferent to =   Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞
Indispensable to=  J=ã¨~°=ÚQÆ
Indulgent to = W+¨ì„ѨHÍ~°O `«$Ñ≤Î, Ѩ~°K«∞
Insensible to = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»
Irrelevant to = Jã¨O^Œ~°ƒù"≥∞ÿ#
Favourabel to =   J#∞‰õÄÅ=ÚQÆ
Immaterial to = J#=ã¨~°=Ú
Impervious to = KÀ\©Ü«∞‰õΩO_»
Able to = â◊H˜Î HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Limited to = Ѩiq∞u HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞
Lost to =   áÈ=Ù@
Loyal to = qâßfiã¨=ÚQÆ
Natural  to =   ã¨Ç¨Ï[=Ú
Necessary to = J=ã¨~°=Ú
Obedient to = q^èÕÜ«∞`«QÆ
Obliged to = |^Œ∞Ì_»∞QÆ
Offensive to = HÀѨ=Ú HõeyOK«∞
Opposite to = Z^Œ∞~°∞QÆ
Painful to = ÉÏ^èŒQÆ
Partial to =   ѨHõ∆áê`«=ÚQÆ
Peculiar to =   qz„`«"≥∞ÿ#
Prejudicial to =   „Ѩu‰õÄÅ"≥∞ÿ#
Profitable to =   ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞Hõ=Ú
Prone to =   W+¨ì=ÚQÆÅ
Reduced to =   `«yæOK«∞
Related to =   ã¨O|OkèOz
Responsible to =   ÉèÏ^茺`« Hõey
Restricted to =   x|O^èŒ#Ö’ #∞OK«∞
Sensitive to =   <˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞
Suited to =   ã¨iѨ_»∞
True to =   ã¨iQÆ
Absorbed in =   b#=∞QÆ∞
Accomplished in=   <Õ~°Êi
Accurate in =   ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞#
Backward in =  "≥#∞HõѨ_ç LO_»∞
Defective in =   ã¨iQÆ ÖËHõáÈ=Ù
Deficient in =   Ö’@∞ Hõey
Experienced in =   J#∞Éèí==Ú HõÅ
Deligent in =   Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅ HõÅ
Enveloped in =   HõѨÊ|_ç
Honest in =   x*Ï~ÚfQÆ
Interested in =   W+¨ì=Ú HõÅ
Involved  in =   z‰õΩ¯H˘xÜ«ÚO_»∞
Proficient in =   áêO_ç`«º=Ú HõÅ
Afflicted with = ÉÏ^èŒ Hõey
Beset with =   K«@ì|_ç
Busy with =   fiHõ ÖËHõ167
Contented with =   `«$Ñ≤ΠѨ_»∞
Conversant with=   ÉÏQÍ `≥eÜ«Ú
Disgusted with =   qã¨ÚQÆ∞ K≥O^Œ∞
Endowed with =   HõeyÜ«Ú#fl
Gifted with =   HõeyÜ«Ú#fl
Infatuated with =   "≥∂ǨÏ=Ú Hõey
Infected with =   ™ÈH˜
Infested with = Ñ‘_çOK«∞
Inspired with =   „¿Ñ~°} HõeyOK«∞
Intimate with = ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«=ÚQÆ
Popular with / among =   "≥∞ѨÙÊ á⁄Ok
Satisfied with =   `«$Ñ≤Î Hõey
Accused of =   <Õ~å~ÀѨ} KÕÜ«∞|_»∞
Acquitted of =   x~ÀÌ+≤QÆ q_»∞^ŒÅ
K͆ǰ|_Ȱ
Afraid of =   ÉèíÜ«∞=Ú Hõey
Assured of =   Ǩq∞ DÜ«∞|_ç
Confident of =   #=∞‡Hõ=Ú Hõey
Conscious of =   `≥eã≤ LO_»∞
Convinced of =   #q∞‡OK«∞
Deprived of / from =   ÖˉõΩO_» KÕÜ«Ú
Desirous of = HÀiHõ Hõey
Devoid of =   ÖˉõΩO_»
Diffident of =   #=∞‡Hõ=Ú ÖËHõ
Envious of / to =   Jã¨∂Ü«∞ Hõey
Fond of = „Ñ‘u Hõey
Guilty of =   ^À+≤Ü≥ÿ∞
Ignorant of =   `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_» LO_»∞
Informed of = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú
Negligent of =   x~°¡Hõ∆º=ÚQÆ
Proud of =   QÆ~°fi=Ú`À
Sick of =   Jã¨Ç¨Ïº=Ú Hõey
Sure of =   xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=Ú KÕã¨∞H˘#∞
Suspicious of =   J#∞=∂#=Ú Hõey
Tolerant of =   ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞
Anxious for =   J„`«∞`«
Conspicuous for/ of=   ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ Hõ#|_»∞
Destined for =   xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞
Eager for =   `˘O^Œ~°QÆ
Eligible for =   J~°›`« Hõey
Fit for =   ã¨iѨ_ç
Grateful for =   Hõ$`«[˝`« Hõey
Prepared for / to =   ã≤^ŒúѨ_ç
Proper for =   ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞#
Qualified for =   J~°›`« Hõey
Sorry for =  qKåiOK«∞
Towards =  "≥·Ñ¨Ù#, k‰õΩ¯#‰õΩ
   QÆ∞iOz, Z_»Å, JO^Œ∞
   ~°=∂~°q∞, ^ŒQÆæ~°
Till, untill =   =~°‰õΩ
Between = #_»∞=∞, =∞^茺
Betwixt = #_»∞=∞, =∞^茺
Near = ^ŒQÆæ~°
Down = „H˜O^Œ168
Over = ÃÑ·#
Out = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ
Off = ÖˉõΩO_», q_çz,
^Œ∂~°=Ú#∞O_ç
Under = „H˜O^Œ, J_»∞QÆ∞#, `«‰õΩ¯=
Above = g∞^Œ, ÃÑ·#
Across = J_»¤=ÚQÍ, XHõ
„ѨHõ¯#∞O_ç=∞iÜ≥∞Hõ
„ѨHõ¯‰õΩ
Around = K«∞@∞ì#∞
Beneath = kQÆ∞=, J_»∞QÆ∞#
Beside = „ѨHõ¯#
Beyond = P=Å
Underneath = „H˜O^Œ
Along = "≥O@
In case of = Pq^èŒOQÍ J~Ú#
Despite = J~Ú##∞
because of =
along with =
by means of =
in search of =
for the sake of =
in case of =
dispite =
in comparison
to =
in place of =
owing to =
in compliance
with =
in reference =
with a view to =
in course of =
in regard to =
with an eye to =
in favour of =
inspite of =
with reference to =
in front of =
instead of =
with regard to =
in lieu of =
in the event of =
in order to =
on account of =
On = ÃÑ·#, g∞^Œ
Upon = ÃÑ·H˜
In = ֒ѨÅ, JO^Œ∞
Into = ֒ѨʼnõΩ
Of = 1. KÕ`«<£, KÕ<£, `À_»<£
   2. `À<£, J<≥_»∞, #∞O_ç
   3. =Å#, QÆ∞iOz,
Ü≥ÚHõ¯
For = H˘~°‰õΩ, ÔH·, xq∞`«Î=Ú
   QÆ∞iOz, HÀã¨=Ú,
=Å#, =Å¡, KÕ`«, #∞O_ç,
H˜, ‰õΩ =~°‰õΩ, ѨHõ∆=Ú
At = =^ŒÌ, JO^Œ∞, "≥·Ñ¨Ù,
K˘Ñ¨ÙÊ#
With = KÕ`«, `À, `À_»
Within = ֒ѨÅ, ǨÏ^Œ∞Ì֒ѨÅ
Without = |Ü«∞@, ÖˉõΩO_®169
TO = ‰õΩ, H˜, =^ŒÌ‰õΩ, `À
By = =Å#, KÕ`«, QÆ∞O_®,
^•fi~å,
   ^ŒQÆæ~°, K˘Ñ¨ÙÊ#
From = #∞O_ç, #∞Oz, =^ŒÌ#∞O_ç
KÕ`«, HÍ~°}=Ú#, =Å#
After = `«~°∞"å`«, "≥#∞Hõ, Ñ≤=∞‡@
Among = Ö’, =∞^茺
Amongst = =∞^茺
Amidst = =∞^茺
Before = =ÚO^Œ~°, Z^Œ∞@
About = QÆ∞iOz,
K«∞@∞ì„ѨHõ¯Å, ^ŒQÆæ~°
Besides =  JO`Õ H͉õΩO_®
Phrse Prepositons
Groups of words used with the
force of a single preposition
according to
agreeably to
along with
away from
by dint of
by means of
by reason of
by virtue of
by way of
Comformably to
for the sake of
in accordance with
in addition to
(on) behalf of
in case of
in comparison to
in compliance with
in consequence of
in course of
in favour of
in front of
in lieu of
in order to
in place of
in reference to
in regard to
in spite of
instead of
on account of
owing to
with a view to170
RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS
Within the house Tour a  round the world
Lean against a wall Left for Bombay
Towards evening Within a month
Since yesterday At an early date
Sell goods at auction Send it by post
Cut it with a kinfe Stunned by a blow
Fought with courage Worked with care
Falling by inches With flying colours
Worked for the good  of all Good place for a picnic
Died of cancer Suffers from pain
The temple of Srinathji The girl with black eyes.
Interest at twelve  percent House by the tower clock
Cloth is sold by the metre He lost the race by a metre
After every effort, he failed
For one vacancy a thousand applications
For all his wisdom, he is vainglorious.
With all his weakness, as  he is a fine fellow.
Sorry for / about  something that one has done
I'm sorry for / about breaking your window.
Sorry for  a person
I feel really sorry for her children.
Speak to; speak with ( especially US)
Could I speak to/ with your father for a moment?
Suffer from
My wife is suffering from hepatitis
Surprised at /by
Everybody was surprised at/ by  the weather.
take part in (NOT)
I dont want to take part in any more conferences.171
think of / about (NOT)
I'm thinking of studying medicine.
I've also thought about studying dentistry.
the thought of (NOT)
I hate the thought of going back to work.
throw...at  (aggressive)   stop throwing stones at the cars
throw .....to ( in a game)  If you get the ball, throw it to me
translate into (NOT)
Could you translate this into (Greek for me?)
trip over
He tripped over the cat and fell downstairs.
typical of (NOT)
The wine's typical of the region.
wrong with
What's wrong with Rahool today?
accuse of
accuse somebody of something (NOT)
She accused me of poisoning her dog.
afraid of (NOT)
Are you afraid of spiders?
agree with a person, opinion or policy
I entirely agree with you.
He left the firm because he didn't agree with their sales policy.
agree about a subject of discussion
We agree about most things.
agree on a  matter for decision
Let's try to agree on a date.
agree to a suggestion
I'll agree to your suggestion if you lower the price.172
angry with ( sometimes at) a person for doing something.
I'm angry with her for lying to me.
angry about ( sometimes at) something
What are you so angry about?
anxious about (= worried about)
I'm getting anxious about money.
anxious for ( = eager to have)
We're all anxious for an end to this misunderstanding.
anxious + infinitive (= eager, wanting)
She's anxious to find a better job.
apologise to somebody for something.
I think we should apologise to the Shiva.
I must apologise for disturbing you.
arrive at or in (NOT)
What time do we arrive at Cardiff?
When did  you arrive in England?
bad at (NOT)
I'm not bad at tennis.
believe a person or something that is said(=accept as truthful /
true (no preposition)
Don't believe her.
I don't believe a word she says.
believe in God, Father Christmas etc (= believe that .... exists; trust)
I half believe in life after death.
If you believe me I can do anything.
belong in / on/ etc (= go, fit, have its place in/on/etc)
belong to ( = be a member of)
I belong to a local athletics club.
blue with cold, red with anger etc.173
My hands were blue with cold when I got home frightened of or by
get in (to) and out of  a car, taxi or small boat
When I got into my car, I found the radio had been stolen.
get on (to) and off a train, plane, bus, ship, (motor) bike or horse
We'll be getting off the train in ten minutes.
good at ( NOT)
Are you any good at tennis?
(the) idea of...ing ( NOT...)
I don't like the idea of getting married yet. ill with
The boss has been ill with flu this week.
impressed with/by
I'm very impressed with/by your work.
increase in activity, output etc (NOT)
I'd like to see a big increase in productivity.
independent of or sometimes from; independence from
She got a job so that she could be independent of her parents
When did India get its independence from Britain? insist on (NOT)
George's father insisted on paying.
Interest/ interested in ( NOT)
Do you have  interest  in social work?
Not many people are interested in grammar. kind to (NOT)
People have always been very kind to me.
(a) lack of
Lack of time prevented me from writing.
(to) lack (no preposition)
Your mother lacks tact.
(to) be lacking in
      she is lacking in tact.
laugh at174
I hate being laughed at.
laugh about
We'll laugh about this one day.
listen to
If you don't listen to people they won't listen to you.
look at (= 'point one's eyes at')
Stop looking at me like that.
look after ( = take care of)
Thanks for looking after me when I was ill.
look for (= try to find)
Can you help me look for my keys?
marriage to ; get / be married to (NOT)
Her marriage to Philip didn't last very long.
How long have you been married to Sheila?
marry somebody ( no preposition)
She married her childhood sweetheart.
near (to) :
nice to (NOT)
You weren't very nice to me last night.
operate on a patient
They operated on her yesterday evening.
pay for something that is bought ( NOT)
Excuse me, sir. You haven't paid for your drink.
pleased with somebody.
The boss is very pleased with you.
pleased with/about/at something.
I wasn't very pleased with/about/at my exam results.
polite to ( NOT)175
Try to be polite to Uncle Richard for once.
prevent ... from...ing ( NOT)
The noise from downstairs prevented me from sleeping.
proof of (NOT)
I want proof of your love. Lend me some money.
reason for (NOT)
Nobody knows the reason for the accident.
remind of
She reminds me of a girl I was at school with.
responsible/ responsibility for
Who's responsible for the shopping this week?
rude to (NOT)
Peggy was petty rude to my family last weekend.
run into (=meet)
I ran into Philip at Victoria Station this morning.
search ( without preposition) (= look through; look everywhere in/on)
They searched everybody's luggage
They searched the man in front of me from head to foot.
search for ( =look for)
The customs were searching for drugs at the airport.
shocked at/by
I was terribly shocked at/by the news of Peter's accident.
shout at  (aggressive)
If you don't stop shouting at me I'll come and hit you.
shout to (=call to)
Mary shouted to us to come in and swim.
smile at
If you smile at me like that I'll give you anything you want.
sorry about something that has happened176
I'am sorry about your exam results.
enter into an agreement, a discussion etc.
We've just entered into an agreement with Carsons Ltd.
enter a place (no preposition)
When I entered the room everybody stopped talking.
example of (NOT)
Sherry is an example of a fortified wine.
explain something to somebody (NOT)
Could you explain this rule to me?
clever at ( NOT)
I'm not very clever at cooking.
congratulate / congratulations on something (US also for)
I must congratulate you on your exam results.
Congratualtions on your new job!
congratulate/ congratulations on/ for doing something.
He congratulated the team on/ for having won all their games.
crash into (NOT USUALLY )
I wasn't concentrating, and I crashed into the car in front.
depend/ dependent on(NOT  or)
We may play football-it depends on the weather.
He doesn't want to be dependent on his parents.
But: independent of
details of (NOT USUALLY)
Write now for details of our special offer.
die of or from
More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War
A week after the accident he died from his injuries.
difficulty with something , (in) doing something (NOT)
I'm having difficulty with my travel arrangements.177
You won't have much difficulty (in) getting to know people in Italy.
disappointed with somebody
disappointed with/ at / about something
You must be pretty disappointed with/at/about your exam results.
(a) discussion about something.
We had a long discussion about politics.
(to) discuss something (no preposition)
We'd better discuss your travel plans.
divide into (NOT)
The book is divided into three parts.
dream of ( =think of, imagine)
I often dreamed of being famous when I was younger.
dream about/of (while asleep)
What does it mean if you dream about/ of mountains?
dress(ed) in ( NOT)
Who's the woman dressed in green?
drive into (NOT)
Chintu drove into a tree again yesterday.
THE CONJUNCTION
ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆѨ^Œ=Ú
      Definition : Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ#∞QÍx, Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^Œã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx,
Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx HõÅ∞Ѩ٠Ѩ^Œ=Ú CONJUNCTION
ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞#∞.
e.g :God  made the forest and man made the park
His body is small but his heart is big
Three and three make six
1. Correlative conjuntions : J<Àº#º ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚQÆÅ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ
Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq [O@Å∞QÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.178
e.g : Either .... or,  Neither ... nor,
Both .... and, Though .... yet,
Whether.....or, not only... but also
1. Learn either French or German
2. The fruit is neither sweet nor good looking
3. I like both cricket and hockey
5. I do not care whether you come or go
or
7. I like not only cricket but also hockey.
2. Compound Conjunctions : Ѩ^Œã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞
e.g : In order that as  though
On condition that in as much as
even if, as well as
so that, as soon as
Provided that, as if
Conjunctions =ÚYº=ÚQÍ Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞
1. Co-ordinate conjunctions
2. Subordinative conjunctions
1. Co-ordinate conjunctions : ã¨=∂<åkèHõ~°} ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆѨ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ Wq
Ô~O_»∞ ã¨=∂# ™ê÷~ÚQÆÅ "åHõºÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ HõÅ∞ѨÙ#∞. D ~°HõѨÙ
conjunctions Ö’ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q and, but, or, not, also, either or,
neither nor,   gx`À HõÅ∞Ѩ|_ç# "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ main clause179
JO^Œ∞~°∞. D co-ordinate conjunctions Ö’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ qÉèË^Œ=ÚÅ∞#flq.
a. Cumulative  „áÈÔQ·# ÖËHõ ã¨=ÚK«ÛÜ«∂~°úHõ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞.
Wq Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ ( main clauses) HõÅ∞ѨÙ#∞. Jq and,
also.
b. Adversative : =ºuˆ~HÍ~°ú=ÚÖˇ·#q. Wq Ô~O_»∞ „ѨHõ@#ʼnõΩ
=º`åºã¨=Ú ÖËHõ =ºuˆ~Hõ`« „Ѩ^Œi≈OK«∞#∞.
e.g : but, still, yet
c. Alternative : QÆ`«ºO`«~° ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq Ô
~O_çO\˜=ÚO^˘Hõ ^•xx „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞@‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊=Ú K«∂ѨÙ#∞
e.g : either......or,  neither ... nor
d. Illative : J~åúѨuÎ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq XHõ TǨÏ#∞
J#∞=∂#=Ú#∞ ÖËHõ J~å÷ѨuÎx K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.
e.g : therfore
2. Sub-ordinative conjunctions : ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂~°úHõ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞
XHõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú J~°ú ã¨OѨÓiÎ H˘~°‰õΩ "Õ~˘Hõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÃÑ·
P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞ K«∞O_»QÍ D Ô~O\˜x ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨~°K«∞ conjunction
#∞ subordinative conjunction JO^Œ∞~°∞.  nx `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û
"åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞subordinative clause JO^Œ∞~°∞.
=ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# subordinative conjunctions after, because, if,
that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where,
while, else.180
Wq 8 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞
i. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q (Time)
e.g before, after, till, since, when, while, as soon as.
ii. HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=ÙʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q
( Cause, reason)
e.g: because, since, as
iii. „ѨÜ≥∂[# (purpose) ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#q
e.g : that, inorder that, so that, incase
iv. Ѷ¨e`«=Ú (Request or consequence)#‰õΩ
ã¨O|OkèOz#q
e.g: so that, that
v. +¨~°`«∞ (condition )#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q
e.g : if, unless
vi. B^•~°º`å ÉèÏ==Ú ( concession)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q
e.g : I will not receive him though he comes
vii. áÈÅ∞Û@ ( comparison)‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q
e.g : than
viii. ã¨÷Å xˆ~Ìâ◊=Ú (place)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q
Ex : where, wherever
Note : H˘xfl Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ conjunctions QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞
‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_»∞#∞. Jq
Till, since, For, After, But, Before.181
SOME CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIR
USES
H˘xfl ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ – "å\˜ LѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞
1. 'since'  Ô~O_»∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞
a. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞O_ç J#∞
J~°ú=Ú#
e.g : Much water has flown under the bridge
since we crossed it
b. HÍ~°ºHÍ~°} ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.
e.g: Since you wish it, it will be done
2. 'Or' 4 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÆ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.
a. ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#. XHõ\˜ [~°QÆ^Œx Ô~O_»=k [~°∞QÆ∞#x
K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ
 Do or die
Work or starve
ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# J=HÍâ◊=ÚÅ∞ XHõ\˜ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=
‰õÄ_® LO_»=K«∞Û#∞
e.g : He may go to England or America or
Germany for higher studies
c. 'Otherwise'  (J@∞¡ HÍHõáÈ~Ú#, ÖˉõΩ#fl "Õ~°∞ q^èŒ=ÚQÍ)
J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ–182
e.g : Please walk quickly or darkness will
overtake us.
d. 'and' =∞iÜ«Ú J#∞ Ѩ^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨=∂<å~°ú=Ú
`≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ–
e.g : Our school team is not wanting in skill or in
practice
3. 'If' J#∞ conjunction 5 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞–
a. 'on condition that' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ–
e.g : If Rama is there, I shall see him
b. XHõ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ JOwHõ~°iOK«∞@‰õΩ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
e.g : If  I am blunt, I am without malice.
c. 'Whether' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
e.g : I asked him if he would lend me money.
d. 'Whenever' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
e.g : If I feel doubtful, I will ask you
e. e.g : If only I knew !
4. 'That' J#∞ conjunction =¸_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.
a. XHõ HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=Ù `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ
e.g : He was angry that he was exposed
( that = because)
b. XHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ, JѨÙÊ_»k  'in order that'183
J~°ú=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞.
e.g : We saw that we may reap.
c. (Effect, result, conquence)
e.g : I am so exhausted that I can not move a yard
5. 'while' conjunction #∞ =¸_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞
a. 'during the time that', ÖËHõ  'as long as' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#
e.g : While the day lasts, hope lingers
b. 'at the same time that' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#
e.g : While they quarrelled, they helped each
other.
c. 'where as ' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#
e.g : While it is true of Hyderabad, its not true of
other Andhra towns.
6. 'only' J#∞ conjunction #∞  'except that' ÖËHõ   'but' ÖËHõ 'were
it not' J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞.
e.g: A good singer, only he falters little.184
Conjunctions
(  ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞)
And = =∞iÜ«Ú
But = HÍx
Either-or =
WkHÍx–JkHÍx
Neither-nor =
WkHÍ^Œ∞–JkHÍ^Œ∞
Not only-but also =
W^ÕHÍHõ–Jk‰õÄ_®#∞
Even if = J~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H˜
Eventhough = J~Ú##∞
As well as = ‰õÄ_»
As yet = WOHõ#∞
As far as = =~°‰õΩ
Even then = JѨÊ\˜H˜x
Before = =ÚO^Œ∞
After = "≥#∞Hõ
Till = JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ
Hip, hip hurrah = [Ü«∞ [Ü«∂
~å==ÚÅ∞
THE INTERJECTION
Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ Ѩ^Œ=Ú
Definition : JHõ™ê‡`«∞ÎQÍ Hõey# z`«Î =$uÎx, ~åQÆ=Ú#∞, =∞<À„^ÕHõ=Ú#∞,
P"Õâ◊=Ú#∞ `≥ÅѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK≥_»∞ Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ#∞
Interjection Jx Ñ≤Å∞`«~°∞.
e.g : Alas, he passed away !
so that
provided that
as though
in as much as
as well as
as soon as
as if
Time =
before,still,
since, after, until
Cause = because,
since as
Purpose = that, lest
Result = so-that
Condition = if, unless
Concession = though,
though-yet,
although
Comparison = than
both- and
whether - or
Though - yet185
Hello ! Who is there ?
Ah! Has she gone?
Oh! I was much afraid
Hush ! Be silent
Hurrah! India has won the test series.
ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÅO^Œ∞ Interjection Ѩ^Œ=ÚʼnõΩ
"åHõº=ÚÖ’x ~Ú`«~° Ѩ^Œ=Ú`À <≥\˜ì ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú#∞
ÖË^Œ∞. Interjection  Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ J<ÕHõ q^èŒ=ÚÖˇ·#
z`«Î=$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞.
a. ã¨O`À+¨=Ú (Joy) `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞
e.g : Hurrah! (JÉσ)
b. ^Œ∞óY=Ú (Grief) `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞
e.g : Alas ! ( JHõ\Ï ! Hõ@ Hõ@!)
c. Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú (Surprise)#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞.
e.g: ha! oh! ( Ǩ! Ǩϟ! B~å! JǨǨ!)
d. ã¨=∞‡u, P"≥∂^Œ=Ú, JOwHÍ~°=Ú (Approval)
`≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞
e.g: Brave  ( Éèím, ÃãǨÏÉèÏãπ)
e. HÀѨ=Ú(Anger)
e.g: Avaunt  ( pè, áÈ!)
f. H˘xfl Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ, ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ,
'Interjection ' QÍ „ѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»=K«∞Û#∞.186
Ex : Good gracious !
For shame!
Well done!
Ah, me!
Ѩ^Œã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞  'Interjection ' QÍ
LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_ç#Ü≥∞_»Å P ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú z=~°
‰õÄ_® Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ zǨÏfl=Ú#∞OK«=Öˇ#∞.
COLLECTIONS( ã¨O„QÆǨÏ=ÚÅ∞)
1. A swarm of bees or flies, or
ants.
2. A shower of rain, arrows.
3. A series of events
4. A caravan of merchants, pilgrims,
travellers.
5. An army of soldiers.
6. A band of musicians.
7. A bunch of grapes, plan   tains.
8. A class of students, of persons.
9. A cloud of locusts.
10. A code of laws.
11. A company of soldiers, merchants.
12. A series of lectures.
13. A fleet of ships.
14. A group of figures, men.
15. A hive of bees.
16. A league of states, nations.
17. A library of books.
18. A sheat of cork.
19. A shoal of fish.
20. A train of wagons, carriages.
21. A troop or squadron of horses.
22. A suit of clothes.
23. A regiment of soldiers.
24. A bunch of flowers, bouquet ( Boo-
kai).
25. A bundle of sticks / hay
26. A chain of mountains/ events.
27. A Clump or grove of trees.
28. A collection of relics.
29. A cluster or galaxy of stars,
islands.
30. A flock of geese or sheep.
31. A flight of steps or birds.
32. A fall of snow or rain.
33. A flight or swarm of locusts, birds,
steps.
34. A gang of thieves or robbers, pris-
oners, convicts, workmen.
35. A gang of labourers.
38. A heap of stones or sand.
39. A herd of cattle or swine, deer or
sheep.
40. A litter of puppies, pigs.
41. A pair of shoes.
42. A pack of wolves or hounds, cards.
43. A range of hills or mountains.
44. A stack of corn or wood or arms.187
Youngone's of Animals( offspring)
( [O`«∞=ÙÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ )
1. Cat - Kitten
2. Dog - Puppy
3. Donkey -  filly or foal
4. Eagle -  Eaglet
5. Goat - Kid
6. Hen - Chicken, chick
7. Horse - Colt(M), Filly(F)/foal
8. Lion
9. Tiger
10. Wolf
11. Sheep - Lamb
12. Swan - Gnat.
13. Duck - Duckling
14. Frog - Tadpole

- Cub
Cries of  Animals
( [O`«∞=ÙÅ J~°∞ѨÙÅ∞)
1. Asses- bray
2. Bulls- bellow
3. Bees- hum, Buzz
4. Birds - chirp. sing, twitter
5. Cows- moo
6. Camels grunt
7. Cocks- crow
8. Crows- caw
9. Cats- mew, purr
10. Dogs- bark, whine, yelp,
growl, howl
11. Elephants- trumpet
12. Flies- hum, buzz
13. Fox- yelp, bark
14. Frogs- croak
15. Goats- bleat
16. Horses- neigh, snost,
whinning
17. Jackals- howl
18. Lambs- bleat
19. Lions- roar
20. Mice- sqeak
21. Monkeys- chatter, gibber
22. Nightingales- warble, sing
23. Owls- hoot, shriek,
screech, scream
24. Parrots- talk
25. Sparrows- chirp, twitter
26. Serpents- hiss
27. Sheep- bleat
28. Swans- cry
29. Thrushes- whistle
30. Tigers- growl, roar
31. Turkeys- gabble
32. Vultures- scream
33. wolves - howl, yell.188
NUMBERS & FRACTIONS
( ã¨OYºÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú aè#fl=ÚÅ∞)
One XHõ\˜ I1
Two Ô~O_»∞ II 2
Three =¸_»∞ III 3
Four <åÅ∞QÆ∞ IV 4
Five S^ΰ V5
Six P~°∞ VI 6
Seven U_»∞ VII 7
Eight Zxq∞k VIII 8
Nine `˘q∞‡k IX 9
Ten Ѩk x10
Eleven Ѩ^ŒH˘O_»∞ XI 11
Twelve Ѩ<≥flO_»∞ XII 12189
Thirteen Ѩ^Œ=¸_»∞ XIII 13
Fourteen Ѩ^Œ<åÅ∞æ XIV 14
Fifteen Ѩk<≥·^Œ∞ XV 15
Sixteen Ѩ^Œ∞<å~°∞ XVI 16
Seventeen Ѩ^Œ∞<Õ_»∞ XVII 17
Eighteen Ѩ^Œ∞<≥xq∞k XVIII 18
Nineteen ѨO_˘q∞‡k  XIX 19
Twenty W~°∞=k XX 20
Twenty one W~°"≥· XHõ\ XXI 21
Twenty two W~°"≥· Ô~O_»∞ XXII 22
Twnety three W~°"≥· =¸_»∞ XXIII 23
Twenty four W~°"≥· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ XXIV 24
Twenty five W~°"≥· S^Œ∞ XXV 25
Twenty six W~°"≥· P~°∞ XXVI 26
Twenty seven W~°"≥· U_»∞ XXVII 27
Twenty eight W~°"≥· Zxq∞k XXVIII 28
Twenty nine W~°ÃÑ· `˘q∞‡k XXIX 29
Thirty =ÚÃÑ·Ê  XXX 30
Thirty one =ÚÃÑ·Ê XHõ\ XXXI 31
Forty #ÅÉèˇ· XL 40
Fifty Ü«∂Éèˇ· L50
Sixty J~°"≥· LX 60
Seventy _≥Éèˇ·ƒù LXX 70
Eighty Z#Éèˇ· LXXX 80
Ninety `˘OÉèˇ· XC 90
Ninety one `˘OÉèˇ·XHõ\ XCI 91
Ninety two `˘OÉèˇ· Ô~O_»∞      XCII 92190
Ninety three `˘OÉèˇ·=¸_»∞ XCIII 93
Ninety four `˘OÉèˇ· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ XCIV 94
Ninety five `˘OÉèˇ· S^Œ∞ XCV 95
Ninety six `˘OÉèˇ· P~°∞ XCVI 96
Ninety seven `˘OÉèˇ· U_» XCVII 97
Ninety eight `˘OÉèˇ· Zxq∞k  XCVIII 98
Ninety nine `˘OÉèˇ· `˘q∞‡k XCIX 99
Hundred #∂~°∞ C 100
Hundred one #∂@ XHõ\˜           CI 101
Hundred and ten #∂@Ѩk  CX 110
Hundred and fifty #∂@Ü«∂Éèˇ· CL 150
Two hundred Ô~O_»∞=O^ŒÅ∞ CC 200
Three hundred =¸_»∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ CCC 300
Four hundred <åÅ∞QÆ∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ CD 400
Five hundred S^Œ∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ D 500
Six hundred P~°∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ DC 600
Seven hundred     U_»∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ DCC 700
Eight hundred Zxq∞k =O^ŒÅ∞ DCCC 800
Nine hundred `˘q∞‡k =O^ŒÅ∞    CM 900
Thousand "Õ~Ú              M 1000
Thousand and
one hundred "Õ~Úxfl XHõ #∂~°∞ MC 1100
Thousand two
hundred "Õ~Úxfl Ô~O_»∞ #∂~°∞¡ MCC 1200
Ten thousand      Ñ¨k"ÕÅ∞ 10,000
Ninety thousand   `˘OÉèˇ·"ÕÅ∞                                            90,000
Lakh                      ÅHõ∆ 1,00,000191
Cipher =      ã¨∞#fl
Naught           =     ã¨∞#fl
Zero =     ã¨∞#fl
Even number =    ã¨i ã¨OYº
Odd numbe =    ÉËã≤ ã¨OYº
First =    XHõ@=
Second =     Ô~O_»=
Third =     =¸_»=
Fourth = <åÅ∞QÆ=
Fifth =      J~Ú^Œ=
Sixth =      P~°=
Seventh =      U_»=
Eighth =    Zxq∞^Œ=
Ninth =     `˘q∞‡^Œ=
Tenth =      Ñ¨^Œ=
Eleventh =      Ñ¨^ŒH˘O_»=
Twentieth =     W~°∞=^Œ=
Double =      Ô~O_çO`«Å∞
Treble = =¸_çO`«Å∞
Four fold = <åÅ∞QÆ∞ Ô~@∞¡
Five fold =     J~Ú^Œ∞ Ô~@∞¡
Nine fold = `˘q∞‡k Ô~@∞¡
Ten fold = Ѩk Ô~@∞¡
1
16
         = XHõ\˜Ö’ Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°=
                   ÉèÏQÆ=Ú
13
16
        = Ѩ^Œ=¸_»∞
Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°= ÉèÏQÍÅ∞
1
8
         = XHõ\˜Ö’ Zxq∞^Œ=
ÉèÏQÆ=Ú
5
8
        = Zxq∞kO@
J~Ú^Œ∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞
1
4
        = áêuHõ, HÍÅ∞
ÉèÏQÆ=Ú, ÉèÏQÆ=Ú,
áê=Ù(áêuHõ)
1
1
4
      = XHõ\˜OÉÏ=Ù,
XHõ\˜OHÍÅ∞,
2
1
4
      = Ô~O_»∞OÉÏ=Ù,
                Ô~O_»∞OÉÏuHõ
Million                   Ѩk ÅHõ∆Å∞ 10,00,000
Crore                    HÀ\˜ 100, 00 000192
Once = XHõ™êi
Twice = Ô~O_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡
Thrice = =¸_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡
Four times = <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ™ê~°∞¡
Five times = J~Ú^Œ∞ ™ê~°∞¡
Nine times = `˘q∞‡k ™ê~°∞¡
Ten times = Ѩk™ê~°∞¡
Ninety times = `˘OÉèˇ·™ê~°∞¡
Hundredtimes=   =O^Œ™ê~°∞¡
Dozen =   Ѩ<≥flO_»∞
Gross =   Ѩ<≥flO_»∞ _»[#∞¡
Score =    W~°∞=k
10
1
4
     = ѨkOÉÏ=Ù,
ѨkOÉÏuHõ,
                  Ñ¨kOHÍÅ∞
1
2
       = J~°, ã¨QÆ=Ú
1
1
2
     = XHõ\˜#fl~°
2
1
2
     = Ô~O_»∞#fl~°
3
1
2
     = =¸_»∞#fl~°
5
1
2
     = J~Ú^Œ∞#fl~°
3
4
       = =ÚáêÊuHõ,
=ÚHͯÅ∞,
=ÚáêÊ=Ù
1
3
4
       = XHõ\˜ =ÚHͯÅ∞
3
3
4
       = =¸_»∞ =ÚHͯÅ∞193
Three quarters of a ton is too much.
3.6 kilometres is about 2 miles.
nought, zero, nil etc
The figure 0 is usually called nought in British English, and
zero in American English, When we say numbers one figure at a
time, 0 is often called oh ( like the letter O).
My account number is four one three oh six.
In measurements of temperature, 0 is called zero in both British and
American English. Zero is followed by a plural noun.
Zero  degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
Zero scores in team games are called nil (American zero or nothing).
In tennis and similar games, the word love is used ( originally from
French) l'oeuf, meaning 'the egg' - the figure 0 is egg-shaped).
And the score at half-time is : Scotland three, England nil.
Forty - love; Andrews to serve.
Telephone numbers
We say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three
or four ( not two).
When the same figure comes twice, British people usually say double.
3074922 three  oh seven, four nine double two
( US three zero seven, four nine two two)
Roman numbers
Roman numbers (I, II, III, IV etc) are not common in modern
English, but they are still used in a few cases- for example the names
of kings and queens, page numbers in the introductions to some
books, the numbers of paragraphs in some documents, the numbers
of questions in some examinations, the figures on some clock faces,
and occasionally the names of centuries.
It was built in the time of Henry V.
For details. see Introduction page ix.
Do question(vi) or question (vii), but not both.
a fine XVIII Century English walnut chest of drawers.
1i10  x41 xl
2 ii 11          xi 45 xlv
3 iii 12         xii 50 L
4 iv 13        xiii 60 Lx
5 v 14        xiv 90 xc
6 vi 19        xix 100 C
7 vii 20         xx 500 D
8 viii 21        xxi 1000 M
9 ix 30       xxx 1995 MCMXCV194
Cardinal and ordinal numbers : books,
chapters etc.,
the fourth book- Book Four
the third act - Act Three
Mozart's thirty-ninth symphony - Symphony No.39, by Mozart
the third day of the course - Timetable for Day Three
however, the names of kings and queens are said with ordinal
numbers.
Henry VIII: Henry the Eighth ( Not Henry Eight)
Louis XIV : Louis the Fourteenth
Elizabeth II : Elizabeth the second
Centuries
The period from 1701-1800 is called the 18th century ( not
the 17th); 1801-1900 is the 19th century etc.,
Floors
The ground floor of a British house is the first floor of an
American house ; the British first floor is the American second floor,
etc.,
and; punctuation
In British English we always use "and" before the tens in a
number.
In American English, 'and' can be dropped.
310 three hundred and ten ( US also three hundred ten)
5,642 five thousand, six hundred and forty-two
In measurements containing two different units, and is possible
before the smaller, but is usually left out.
two hours ( and ) ten minutes
two metres ( and ) thirty centimetres.
3,127( Not 3.127) 5.466,243
We do not always use commas in four figure numbers and they are
not used in dates.
4.126 or 4126
the year 1648
Spaces are also possible in British English.
There are 1,000(OR 1000 millimetres in a metre.)
'a' and 'one'
We can say a hundred or one hundred, a thousand or one
thousand a million
or one million.  One is more formal.
I want to live for a hundred years ( Not ... Pay Mr J Baron one thousand195
pounds on a cheque)
317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine
0.375 nought point three seven five ( US zero point three)
4.7 four point seven
Singular and plural with fractions and
decimals
One and a half hours
1.3 millimetres
I have been waiting for an hour and a half
Three quarters of a ton
0.1625 cm nought point one six two five of a centimetre
nought point one six two five centimetres
Measurement
a five - litre can a pound note
a six -pound chicken, a three-mile walk, a five-day course,
a two -person tent, ten two-hour lessons
a pint mug
a two thirds share
Note the use of the 's structure before worth.
a pound's worth of walnuts
three dollars' worth of popcorn
a day's journey, three hours' journey twenty minutes' delay
a three hours (') journey ( =  a journey of three hours)
a three-hour journey, a twenty -minute delay
the evening news, a sunday paper
yesterday's news, last sunday's match
man woman
father mother
man-servant maid-servant
uncle aunt
wizard witch
grandfahter grandmother
drake duck
landlord landlady
duke duchess
master mistress
earl countess
fox vixen
emperor empress
gentleman lady
monk nun
god goddess
negro negress
king queen
poet poetess
hero heroine
prince princess
priest priestess
Masculine gender & Femine gender
( ѨÙOeOQÆ =∞iÜ«Ú „ã‘ÎeOQÆ Ñ¨^•Å∞ )196
grandson grand daughter
father-in-law mother-in law
waiter waitress
sir madam
washer-man washer-woman
he-goat she-goat
lad lass
sportsman sportswoman
drone bee
actor actress
bridegroom bride
cout countess
dairy man dairy-maid
tiger tigress
traitor traitress
heir heiress
instructor intructress
milk-man milk-maid
shephered shepheredess
step-son step-daughter
master mistress
host hostess
Peer Peeress
Bachelor maid
Poet poetess
spinster
Priest priestess
Boy girl
Prophet prophetess
Brother siter
Buck doe
Steward stewardess
Bull ( or OX) cow
Viscount viscountess
Bullock heifer
Cock hen
Benefactor benefactress
Colt filly
Conductor conductress
Dog bitch
Enchanter enchantress
Drake duck
Founder foundress
Hunter huntress
Gander goose
Hart roe
Negro negress
Horse mare
Abbot abbess
Husband          wife
Emperor empress
Lord lady
Marquis marchioness
Fox               Vixen
Preceptor preceptress
Songster songstress
Tempter temptress
Seamaster seamstress
Tiger tigress
Nephew niece
Waiter waitress
Ram ewe
Sir madam
Murderer murderess
Son daughter
Sorcerer sorceress
Stag hind
Bull-calf cow-calf
Uncle aunt
Cock-sparrow hen-sparrow
Wizard witch
He-goat she-goat
Author authoress
He-bear she-bear
Baron baroness
Jack-ass jenny-ass
Giant giantess
man-servant maid-servant
Land-lord land-lady
Great-uncle great-aunt
Lion lioness
Manager manageress
Milk-man milk-maid
Mayor mayoress
Pea-cock pea-hen
Patron patroness
Washer-man Washer-woman
Administrator administratrix197
Executor executrix
Testator testatrix
Czar czarina
Sultan sultana
Signor signora
Valcano = Jyfl Ѩ~°fi`«=Ú
Valcanoes = Jyfl Ѩ~°fi`«=ÚÅ∞
Echo = „Ѩu^èŒfix
Echoes = „Ѩu^èŒfi#∞Å∞
Piano = XHõ ã¨Ow`«
"å^Œºqâı+¨=Ú
Pianos = "å^Œº=ÚÅ∞
Dynamo = _≥·#"≥∂
Dynamos = _≥·#"≥∂Å∞
Bamboo = "≥^Œ∞~°∞
Bamboos = "≥^Œ∞~°∞ Hõ„~°Å∞
Canto = J^蕺ܫ∞=Ú
Cantos = J^蕺ܫ∞=ÚÅ∞
Momento = 㨇$u zǨÏfl=Ú
Plural Form
Momentos = 㨇$u zǨÏfl =ÚÅ∞
Baby = a_»¤
Babies = a_»¤Å∞
Army = ¿ã#
Singluar & Plural forms
( UHõ=K«# =∞iÜ«Ú |Ǩï=K«# ~°∂áêÅ∞)
Armies = ¿ã#Å∞
Lady = Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# „ã‘Î
Ladies = Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#
„ã‘ÎÅ∞
Story = Hõ^äŒ
Stories = Hõ^äŒÅ∞
City = #QÆ~°=Ú
Cities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞
Pony = á⁄\˜ì QÆ∞„~°=Ú
Ponies = á⁄\˜ì QÆ∞„~°=ÚÅ∞
Fly = DQÆ
Flies = DQÆÅ∞
Body = â◊s~°=Ú
Bodies = â◊s~°=ÚÅ∞
Country = ^Õâ◊=Ú
Countries = ^Õâ◊=ÚÅ∞
Boy = Ñ≤Å¡"å_»∞
Boys = Ñ≤Å¡"åO_»∞¡198
Guy = #∂#∂QÆ∞
g∞™êÅ"å_»∞,
"≥∂‰õΩ
Guys = Ѩº‰õΩÎÅ∞–"≥∂‰õΩÅ∞
Toy = ÉÁ=∞‡
Toys = ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞
Ray = H˜~°}=Ú
Rays = H˜~°}=ÚÅ∞
Day = k#=Ú
Days = k#=ÚÅ∞
Monkey = HÀu
Monkeys = HÀ`«∞Å∞
Thief = ^˘OQÆ
Thieves = ^˘OQÆÅ∞
Leaf = P‰õΩ
Leaves = P‰õΩÅ∞
Life = rq`«=Ú
Lives = rq`«=ÚÅ∞
Loaf = ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯
Loaves = ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯Å∞
Wife = ÉèÏ~°º
Wives = ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∞
Knife = HõuÎ
Knives = Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞
Wolf = `À_ÕÅ∞
Wolves = `À_Õà◊√¡
Shelf = J~°
Shelves = J~°Å∞
Chief = =ÚY∞º_»∞
Chiefs = =ÚY∞ºÅ∞
Roof = ÃÑ· HõѨÙÊ
Roofs = ÃÑ· ‰HõѨÙÊÅ∞
Gulf = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßY
Gulfs = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYÅ∞
Proof = ™êHõ∆º=Ú
Proofs = ™êHõ∆º=ÚÅ∞
Strife = HõÖ’¡Å=Ú
Strifes = HõÖ’¡Å=ÚÅ∞
Man = =∞x+≤
Men = =∞x+¨µºÅ∞
Goose = ÉÏ`«∞
Geese = ÉÏ`«∞Å∞
Woman = „ã‘Î
Women = „ã‘ÎÅ∞
Mouse = z>ˇìÅ∞Hõ
Mice = z>ˇìÅ∞HõÅ∞
Foot = áê^Œ=Ú, J_»∞QÆ∞
Feet = áê^Œ=ÚÅ∞,
J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞199
Tooth = Ѩ#∞fl
Teeth = Ѩ#∞flÅ∞
Louse = ¿Ñ#∞
Lice = ¿ÑÅ∞
Oasis = Z_®iÖ’ [Å
„áêO`«=Ú
Oases = Z_®iÖ’ [Å
„áêO`«=ÚÅ∞
Crisis = QÆO_»=Ú
Crises = QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞
Ox = Z^Œ∞Ì
Oxen = Z^ΰ큰
Child = a_»¤
Children = a_»¤Å∞
Brother = ™È^Œ~°∞_»∞
Brothren,
Brothers = ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞
Son = H˘_»∞‰õΩ
Sons = H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞
Daughter = ‰õÄ`«~°∞
Daughters = ‰õÄ`«∞à◊√§
Cook = =O@"å_»∞
Cooks = =O@"åà◊√§
Priest = ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞
Priests = ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞
Stick = Hõ„~°
Sticks = Hõ„~°Å∞
Seal = =Ú„^Œ
Seals = =Ú„^ŒÅ∞
Stamp = `«áêÅaà◊§
tamps = `«áêÅaà◊§Å∞
Bag = ã¨Oz
Bags = ã¨OK«∞Å∞
Kiss = =Ú^Œ∞Ì
Kisses = =Ú^Œ∞ÌÅ∞
Ass = QÍ_ç^Œ
Asses = QÍ_ç^ŒÅ∞
Wish = HÀiHõ
Wishes = HÀiHõÅ∞
Beach = ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù X_»∞¤
Beaches = ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù\Á_»∞¤Å∞
Box = ÃÑ>ˇì
Boxes = ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞
Watch = QÆ_çÜ«∂~°=Ú
Watches = QÆ_çÜ«∂~°=ÚÅ∞
Brush = ‰õΩOK≥
Brushes = ‰õΩOK≥Å∞
Calves = ^Œ∂_»Å∞
Knife = HõuÎ
Knives = Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞
Wolf = `À_ÕÅ∞
Wolves = `À_Õà◊√¡
Shelf = J~°
Shelves = J~°Å∞
Chief = =ÚY∞º_»∞
Chiefs = =ÚY∞ºÅ∞200
Roof = ÃÑ· HõѨÙÊ
Roofs = ÃÑ· ‰HõѨÙÊÅ∞
Gulf = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßY
Gulfs = ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYÅ∞
Singular Number
UHõ=K«#=Ú
Girl = P_»Ñ≤Å¡
Cow = P=Ù
Bird = ѨH˜∆
Star = #Hõ∆„`«=Ú
House = WÅ∞¡
Book = ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=Ú
Class = `«~°QÆu
Bush = á⁄^Œ
Branch = âßY
Match = JyæѨÙÅ¡
Dish = Éè’[# Ѩ^•~°ú=Ú
Buffalo = ˆQ^≥
Hero = <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞
Potato = |OQÍà◊^Œ∞OѨ
Mango = =∂q∞_çѨO_»∞
Negro = h„QÀ(*Ïu)
Leaf = P‰õΩ
Plural Number
|Ǩï=K«#=Ú
Girls = P_»Ñ≤Å¡Å∞
Cows = P=ÙÅ∞
Birds = Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞
Stars = #Hõ∆„`«=ÚÅ∞
Houses = WO_»∞¡
Books = ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞
Classes = `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞
Bushes = á⁄^ŒÅ∞
Branches = âßYÅ∞
Matches = JyæѨÙÅ¡Å∞
Dishes = Éè’[#
Ѩ^•~°ú=ÚÅ∞
Buffaloes = ˆQ^≥Å∞
Heroes = <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞
Potatoes = |OQÍà◊^Œ∞OѨÅ∞
Mangoes = =∂q∞_çѨO_»∞¡
Negroes = h„QÀÅ∞
Leaves = P‰õΩÅ∞201
Calf = ^Œ∂_»
Life = rq`«=Ú
Knife = HõuÎ
Roof = WO\˜HõѨÙÊ
Hoof = y@ì
Dwarf = =∞~°∞QÆ∞A˚
Safe = ÃÑ>ˇì
City = #QÆ~°=Ú
Story = Hõ^äŒ
Army = Ãã·#º=Ú
Lady = ÃÑ^ŒÌ WO\˜ „ã‘Î
Baby = áêѨ
Man = =∞x+≤
Woman = „ã‘Î
Father-in-law = =∂=∞QÍ~°∞
Mother-in-law= J`«ÎQÍ~°∞
Step-son = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩ
Step-mother = ã¨=u `«e¡
Maid-servant = P_»
¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞
Commander-
in-chief = Ãã·<åºkèHÍi
Looker-on = K«∂K«∞"å_»∞
Basis = P^è•~°=Ú
Analysis = qÉèí[#
Calves = ^Œ∂_»Å∞
Lives = rq`åÅ∞
Knives = Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞
Roofs = WO\˜ HõѨÙÊÅ∞
Hoofs = y@ìÅ∞
Dwarfs = =∞~°∞QÆ∞A˚Å∞
Safes = ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞
Cities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞
Stories = Hõ^äŒÅ∞
Armies = Ãã·#º=Ú
Ladies = ÃÑkÌO\˜ „ã‘ÎÅ∞
babies = áêѨÅ∞
Men = =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞
Women = „ã‘ÎÅ∞
Fathers-in-law= =∂=∞QÍ~°∞¡
Mothers-in-law= J`«ÎQÍ~°∞¡
Step-sons = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞
Step-mothers= ã¨=u `«Å∞¡Å∞
Maid-servants= P_» ¿ã=‰õΩ~åà◊√§
Commanders
-in-chief = Ãã·<åºkèHÍ~°∞Å∞
Lookers-on = K«∂K«∞"å~°∞
Bases = P^è•~°=ÚÅ∞
Analyses = qÉèí[#Å∞202
Criterion = ÅHõ∆}=Ú
Crisis = QÆO_»=Ú
Phenomenon = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ
[~°∞QÆ∞#q
Hypothesis = TÇ≤ÏOz#k
Axis = JHõ∆=Ú
Madam = J=∂‡
Index = Ѩ\˜ì
Erratum = JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ
„"å`«Ö’ `«Ñ¨ÙÊ
Radium = "åºã¨=Ú
Brother = `«=Ú‡_»∞
Cloth = QÆ∞_»¤
Moral = hu
Custom = PKå~°=Ú
Spectacle = ^Œ$â◊º=Ú
Pain = ÉÏ^èŒ
Air = QÍe
Iron = W#∞=Ú
Force = |Å=Ú
Advice = ã¨ÅǨ
Criteria = ÅHõ∆}=ÚÅ∞
Crises = QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞
Phenomena = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ
[~°∞QÆ∞#q
Hyptheses = TÇ≤ÏOz#q
Axes = JHõ∆=ÚÅ∞
Medames = J=∞‡Å∞
Indices = Ѩ\©ìÅ∞
Errata = JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ
„"å`«Ö’ `«Ñ¨ÙÊÅ∞
Radii = "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞
Brothers = `«=Ú‡à◊√§
Cloths = QÆ∞_»¤Å∞
Morals = h`«∞Å∞,
#_»=_çHõ
Customs = PKå~°=ÚÅ∞,
kQÆ∞=∞u
Spectacles = ^Œ$âߺÅ∞,
Hõà◊§*’_»∞
Pains = ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞, „â◊=∞
Airs = `≥zÛÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl
f~°∞
Irons = â◊$OYÖÏÅ∞
Forces = |ÅQÆ=ÚÅ∞
Advices = ã¨=∂Kå~°=Ú203
Singular & Plural
Sheep = Q˘„Ô~
Deer = lOHõÅ∞
Cod =   `«ÅQÆ_»–`«ÅQÆ_»Å∞
(QÆO_»∞g∞#∞ –
QÆO_»∞g∞#∞Å∞)
Trout = `≥Å¡KÕѨ– `≥Å¡
KÕѨÅ∞
Swine = ѨOk – ѨO^Œ∞Å∞
Fish = KÕѨ–KÕѨÅ∞
Fruit = ѨO_»∞–ѨO_»∞¡
Fishes = J#QÍ
|Ǩï~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ#
KÕѨÅ∞
Salmon = XHõ ~°HõѨ٠KÕѨ,
KÕѨÅ∞
Pair = [`«–[`«Å∞
( Two pair)
Singular Plural
Colour = Colours
Custom = Customs
Effect = Effects
Manner = Manners
Moral = Morals
Number = Numbers
Pain = Pains
Premise = Premises
Quarter = Quarters
Spectacle = Spectacles
Letter = Letters
Ground = Grounds
result = results
property
method = mthods
correct
behaviour
a moral lesson = moral
lessons
conduct
a quantity = quantities
verses
suffering = sufferings
care,
exertion
proposition = propositions
buildings
fourth part = fourth parts
lodgings
a sight = sights
eye-glasses
letter of the
alphabet = letters of
the alphabet
epistle = epistles,
literature
Earth = enclosed
land
attached to
house
reason = reasons,
dregs.204
Singular Plural
Brother brothers, sons of the same parent.
brothren, members of a society or a
Cloth Cloths, kinds or pieces of cloth, community.
clothes, garments.
Die dies, stamps for coining.
dice, small cubes used in games.
Fish fishes, taken separately.
fish, collectively.
Genius geniuses, persons of great talent.
genii, spirits.
Index indexes, tables of contents to books.
indices, signs used in algebra.
Penny pennies, number of coins.
pence, amount in value
Some words in their singular form and plural form
convey different meanings as singulars and plurals.205
Advice = counsel
Air = atmosphere
Good = benefit, well-
being
Compass = extent,
range
Respect = regard
Physic = medicine
Light = 1.  radiance
2. a lamp
People = 1.  nation
2. men and
women
Powder = 1. dust
2. a dose of
medicine in
fine grains
like dust.
Practice = 1. habit
2. exercise of
a profession
Advices = information
Airs = affected
manners
Goods = merchandise
Compasses =   an instrument
for draw
ing circles
Respects = compliments
Physics = natural
science
Litghts = lamps
Peoples = nations
Powders = doses of
medicine
Practices = habits
Singular Plural
Commander-   =    Commanders
in-chief -in-chief
Coat-of-mail = coats-of-mail
Son-in-law = sons-in-law
Daughter- = daughters-
in-law in-law
Step-son = step sons
Step-daughter = step-
daughters
Maid-servant = maid-
servants
man-servant =  men-servants
Passer-by = passers-by
Looker-on = Lookers-on
Singular Plural
Man-of-war = men-of-war
Church = churches
crash = crashes
bus = buses
box = boxes
buzz = buzzes
barracks = barracks
crossroads = crossroads
headquarters =   headquarters
means = means
series = series
species = species
works(=factory)= works
Potato = potatoes
tomato = tomatoes206
child = children
foot = feet
goose = geese
louse = lice
man = men
mouse = mice
ox = oxen
penny = pence
person = people
tooth = teeth
woman = women
calf = calves
elf = elves
half = halves
knife = knives
leaf = leaves
life = lives
loaf = loaves
self = selves
sheaf = sheaves
shelf = shelves
thief = thieves
wife = wives
wolf = wolves
commnado = commandos
concerto = concertos
Eskimo = Eskimos
kilo = kilos
logo = logos
photo = photos
piano = pianos
solo = solos
soprano = sopranos
buffalo = buffalo(e)s
mosquito = mosquito(e)s
tornado = tornado(e)s
volcano = volcano(e)s
From Latin :
Erratum - errata; index - indices;
radius - radii; formula - formulae ( or formulas);
memorandum - memoranda; terminus - terminal ( or terminuses);
From Greek :
Axis - axes; crisis - crises;
basis - bases; analysis - analyses;
parenthesis - parentheses; hypothesis - hypotheses;
phenomenon - phenomena; criterion - criteria.
From Italian :
Bandit - banditti ( or bandits)
From French :
Madame ( madam) - mesdames;          monsieur - messieurs.
From Hebrew :
Cherub - cherubim ( or cherubs);         seraph - seraphim ( or
   seraphs).207
COMPARISONS
( áÈeHõÅ∞ )
1. As blind as a bat = QÆaƒÅ=Ú=Öˇ „QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ
2. As blithe as a bee = `Õ<≥\©QÆ=Öˇ P#O^Œ=ÚQÍ
3. As bold  as a lion = ã≤OǨÏ=Ú=Öˇ ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÍ
4. As brittle as glass = QÍA=Öˇ "≥à◊√#∞
5. As busy as a bee = `Õ<≥\©QÆ =Öˇ Ѩx`À
6. As clear as crystal = ã¨Ê\˜Hõ=Ú=Öˇ ã¨fiK«Ûù=ÚQÍ
7. As clear as day = ѨQÆ\˜ ѨÓ@=Öˇ  ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÍ
8. As cool as a cucumber = ^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞=Öˇ h~°∞ HÍ~°∞K«∞
9. As cunning as a fox = #Hõ¯=Öˇ l`«∞ÎÅ=∂i
10. As dry as a bone = Jã≤÷=Öˇ xs˚==ÚQÍ
11. As fair as a rose = QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ#
12. As fat as a pig = ѨOk=Öˇ „H˘qfi_#
13. As fierce as a tiger = ѨÙe=Öˇ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
14. As firm as a rock/stone = tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ
15. As fresh as a rose = QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ ã≤flQÆú=ÚQÍ
16. As  gay as a lark = Éèí~°^•fi[ ѨH˜∆=Öˇ P#O^Œ=ÚQÍ
17. As gentle as a lamb = Q˘„Ô~Ñ≤Å¡=Öˇ "≥∞`«ÎQÍ
18. As hard as a stone = tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ
19. As heavy as lead = ã‘ã¨=Ú=Öˇ ÉèÏ~°"≥∞ÿ#
20. As light as feather = DHõ=Öˇ `ÕeHõÜ≥ÿ∞#208
1. As black as coal.
2. As clear as day or sky or
crystal.
3. As cold as ice or marble.
4. As cunning as a fox.
5. As dark as a pitch
6. As free as a bird.
7. As gentle as a lamb.
8. As quick as lightning or
thought.
9. As silent or pale as death
or a grave.
10. As stupid as a donkey.
11. As sweet as honey.
12. As white as snow.
13. As changeable as the
weather cock.
14. As deaf as a post.
15. As dry as dust.
16. As drunk as a lord.
17. As dumb as a statue.
18. As gay as a lark.
19. As gaudy as a butterfly.
20. As greedy as wolf or a dog
21. As green as grass.
22. As happy as a king.
23. As harmless as a dove.
24. As light as air.
25. As loud as thunder.
26. As obstinate as a mule.
27. As playful as a kitten.
28. As proud as a peacock.
29. As sharp as a razor.
30. As silly as a sheep.
31. As soft as butter.
32. As white as snow.
33. As wise as solomon.
21. As loud as thunder = L~°∞=Ú=Öˇ aQÆæ~°QÍ
22. As pale as death = =∞$`«∞º=Ù=Öˇ q=~°‚"≥∞ÿ#
23. As poor as "Lazarus" = ÖÏ[~°ãπ =O\˜ ^Œi„^Œ∞_»∞
        (A church mouse)
24. As proud as peacock = <≥=∞e=Öˇ QÆ~°fi=ÚQÍ
25. As red as blood = <≥`«∞Î~°∞=Öˇ Z„~°x
26. As sharp as needle = ã¨∂k=Öˇ "å_çÜ≥ÿ∞#
27. As silent as the grave = ã¨=∂kè=Öˇ xâ◊≈|Ì=ÚQÍ
28. As smooth as velvet = "≥Åfi@∞=Öˇ "≥∞`«Î<≥·#
29. As soft as butter = "≥#fl=Öˇ =∞$^Œ∞"≥·#
30. As stupid as a donkey = QÍ_ç^Œ =Öˇ Jq"ÕH˜
31. As swift as an arrow = ÉÏ}=Ú =Öˇ "å_çQÍ209
Era = Ü«ÚQÆ=Ú
Bright fortnight = â◊√Hõ¡ ѨHõ∆=Ú
dark fortnight = Hõ$+¨‚ ѨHõ∆=Ú
Mid day = =∞^蕺ǨÏfl=Ú
Meteorology = "å`å=~°} âß„ã¨Î=Ú
proximo = ^ŒQÆæ~°
Ultimo = QÆ_»z#
Sennight = "å~°=Ú, ã¨Ñ¨Î~å„`«=Ú
Inclement
wheather = `«∞á¶ê#∞`À ‰õÄ_ç#
 "å`å=~°}=Ú
Borrower = JѨÙÊfã¨∞H˘#∞"å_»∞
Consignee = ã¨~°‰õΩ `≥Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞"å_»∞
Consigner = ã¨~°‰õΩ Ñ¨OѨÙ"å_»∞
Consignment = ѨOѨ|_ç# ã¨~°‰õΩ
Creditor = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞
Debit = Y~°∞Û
Debtor = JѨÙÊѨÙK«∞ÛH˘#fl"å_»∞
Deed = Ѩ„`«=Ú/Ѩx
Earnest Money = |Ü«∞<åÃÑ·Hõ=Ú
Fair = ã¨O`«/JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ#
Fair price = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# ^èŒ~°
Hand loan = KÕ|^Œ∞Å∞
Insolvent = k"åÖÏ fã≤#"å_»∞
Liabilities = DÜ«∞=Åã≤# "≥Ú`«Î=Ú
Lender = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞
Merchandise = J=Ú‡@‰õΩ#fl( ã¨~°‰õΩÅ∞)
Mortgager = `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ@∞ì"å_»∞
Purchaser = H˘#∞"å_»∞
Vendee = H˘#∞"å_»∞
Vendor = J=Ú‡"å_»∞
Accusation = <Õ~°=Ú "≥∂ѨÙ@, <Õ~°=Ú,
xO^Œ
Accused = xOk`«∞_»∞, <Õ~°ã¨∞ú_»∞
Amnesty = Hõ∆q∞OK«∞@
Bailiff = Jg∞<å
Column = =~°∞ã¨
Psalm = „áê~°ú<åw`«=Ú
Quern = u~°∞QÆe
Rag = zOÑ≤i QÆ∞_»¤
Muse = zO`«#, ^蕺#=Ú
Ruse = `«O„`«=Ú, l`«∞Î
Shandy = ã¨O`«
Islet = z#flnq
Thermos = "Õ_çq∞ ã‘™ê
Wretch = ^èÒ~åƒùQÆ∞º_»∞
Wield = x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞
Sire = `«O„_ç
An Ode = XHõ Ѩ^Œº=Ú
Churning staff = Hõ=fi=Ú
Forge = H˘eq∞
Gouge = =OHõ~° HõuÎ(QÀ~°∞ HõuÎ)
Mallet = H˘Ü«∞ºã¨∞uÎ
Acridity = HÍ~°=Ú
Acrimony = áÈ\Ï¡_»∞ QÆ∞}=Ú
Ecstasy = ã¨O`Àëêuâ◊Ü«∞=Ú
Loathing = qHÍ~° QÆ∞}=Ú
Poignancy = QÍ_è»"≥∞ÿ#, ^Œ∞YHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#
Relish = W+¨ìѨ_»∞
Rapture = P#O^Œ áê~°=â◊º=Ú
Surfeit = "≥Hõ¯ã¨=Ú, "≥QÆ@∞
Sultry = K≥=∞@ áÈÜ«Ú
Ticklishness = K«Hõ¯eyO`«
Syringe = Ñ≤K«HÍi
Shuttle = <å_≥
Wheststone = ™ê#~å~Ú
Laughter = #=Ùfi
Theft = ^˘OQÆ`«#=Ú
Boyhood = ÉÏź=Ú
Youth = Ü«∞ø=#O
House of
Senators = áêʼnõΩÅ ã¨Éèí
Library = „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú
Swarm of ants = p=∞ÅÉÏ~°∞
Bunch of
flowers = ѨÓÅQÆ∞uÎ
Abyss = JQÍ^èŒ=Ú
Brooke = ÃãÅÜÕ∞~°∞
Cramming = =Öˇ¡"ÕÜ«Ú@
Muse = ã¨~°ã¨fiu, HÍ=º^Õ=`«
Betal garden = `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ `À@
Barn = QÍ^≥
Bran = `«=Ù_»∞
Carter = |O_ç"å_»∞
Chaff = á⁄@∞ì
Fallow land = |O[~°∞ Éèí∂q∞
Grove = `ÀѨÙ
Hedge = HõOK≥
By = „ѨHõ¯, =Å#
Part - II
Vocabulary210
Dame = QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜
Ease = ã¨∞Y=Ú
Gale = ÃÑ#∞QÍe
Keen = f„=aèÖÏ+≤
Vale = Ö’Ü«∞
Wick = =uÎ
Yore = ѨÓ~°fiHÍÅ=∞O^Œ∞
Fir = ^Õ=^•~°∞ =$Hõ∆=Ú
Vim = |Å=Ú, â◊H˜Î
Vine = „^•Hõ∆Å`«
Gorgon = ‰õΩ~°∂Ñ≤
Obscene = Jã¨Éèíº"≥∞ÿ#
Unique = ™ê\˜ÖËx
(Fox/wolf)-yelp= "≥Ú~°∞QÆ∞
Chance = Ѷ¨∞@#
Chum = „áê}¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞
Chaise = Ô~O_»∞ K«„Hõ=ÚÅ QÆ∞„~°Ñ¨Ù
|O_ç
Knit = JÅ∞¡
Jasper = ã¨∂~°ºHÍO`«=∞}˜
Jar = JѨã¨fi~°=Ú, *Ï_ç
Hymn = =∞O„`« áê~î°=Ú
Poultry = HÀà◊√¡ =ÔQ·~å
Cattle = Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞
Gentry = ÃÑ^ŒÌ=∞#+¨µºÅ∞
People = [#∞Å∞
Peoples = *Ï`«∞Å∞
Commander-
in-Chief           =  ¿ã<åkèѨu
Son-in-law       = JÅ∞¡_»∞
Daughter-
in-law             = HÀ_»Å∞
Maid Servant = ¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞
Step-daughter = ã¨=u ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞
Step-son = ã¨=u ‰õÄ=∂~°∞_»∞
Brother-in-law = ÉÏ=
Passer by = „ѨHõ¯QÍ "≥à◊√¡"å_»∞
Looker -on = K«∂K«∞"å_»∞
Advice = ã¨ÅǨ
Air = QÍe
Good = ˆH∆=∞=Ú, =∞Oz`«#=Ú
Respect = =∞~åº^Œ
Iron = W#∞=Ú
Force = |Å=Ú, â◊H˜Î
Kindness = ^Άǰ
Kindnessess = ^ŒÜ«∞QÆŠѨ#∞Å∞
Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#
<å}ˇ=ÚÅ∞
Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#
ã¨OÔHà◊√¡
Tins = `«QÆ~°=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#
_»ÉσÅ∞
Woods = J~°}º=ÚÅ∞
Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç#
q„QÆǨÏ=ÚÅ∞
Airs = Hõ$„u=∞ P~åƒù@=Ú
Goods = "åºáê~° =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞
Compasses = XHõ LѨHõ~°}=Ú
Respects = Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞
Physcis = Éè∫uHõ âß„ã¨Î=Ú
Irons = ã¨OÔHà◊√§
Forces = ¿ã#Å∞
Gross = 12 _»[#∞¡
Hundred = #∂~°∞
Thousand = "≥~Úº
Bellows = uuÎ
Scissors = Hõ`≥Î~°
Tongs = Ѩ@HÍ~°∞
Pincers = Ѩ@HÍ~°∞, „âß=}=Ú
Spectacles = ã¨∞Ö’K«#=ÚÅ∞
Trousers = ÖÏQÆ∞
Drawers = ÖÏQÆ∞ (֒ѨÅ
^èŒiOK«∞#k)
Breeches = +¨~å~Ú
Measles = P@Å=∞‡
Mumps = QÆ=^Œaà◊§Å∞
Billiards = P@
Annals = (K«i„`«) ѨÙ@Å∞
Thanks = Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞
P roceeds = „HõÜ«∞^èŒ#O
Tidings = "å~°ÎÅ∞
Environs = K«∞@∞ì„ѨHõ¯Å∞
Nuptials = â’Éèí#=Ú
Obsequies = JO`«º„H˜Ü«∞Å∞
Assets = Pã≤Î
Chattels = ã≤÷~åã≤÷
Alms = ^•#=Ú
Riches = Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú
Eaves = K«∂~°∞
New = "å~°Î
Innings = „H˜ÔH\ò P@Ö’ XHõ
ÉèÏQÆ=Ú
Rector = ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞
Religion = =∞`«=Ú
Resurrection = ѨÙ#s˚=#=Ú
Self control = P`«‡ x„QÆǨÏ=Ú211
Synod = =∞`«q+¨Ü«∞Hõ ã¨Éèí
Tenet = ã≤^•úO`«=Ú
Transmigration = â◊s~åO`«~° „áêÑ≤Î, ѨÙ#~°˚#‡
Trinity = „u=¸iÎ
Troth = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú, qâßfiã¨=Ú
Underworld = #~°Hõ=Ú
Vicar = („ÔH·ã¨Î=) QÆ∞~°∞=Ù
Victim = |eѨâ◊√=Ù
Vision = (k=º) ^Œ$+≤ª
Visitation = ^≥·=Ѷ¨∞@#
Votary = Láê㨉õΩ_»∞, Éèí‰õΩÎ_»∞
Vulcan = Jyfl^Õ=Ù_»∞
Sanctuary = ѨÙ}º™ê÷#=Ú, QÆ∞_çÖ’
^≥·=Ñ‘~î°=Ú
Sanctum = =¸Å =∞O@Ѩ=Ú
Sanctorum = QÆ~°ƒùQÆ$ǨÏ=Ú
Sect = =∞`åO`«ˆ~ƒù^Œ=Ú
Sermon = ^èŒ~À‡Ñ¨^Õâ◊=Ú, =∞`«É’^èŒ
Sacrilege = ^Õ=`å ^Œ∂+¨}=Ú
Sacrilegist = ^≥·=„^ÀÇ≤Ï
Sanctification = „áêÜ«∞tÛù`«Î=Ú
Sanctity = áêѨ#`«fi`«, Ѩq„`«`«
Seer = n~°…^Œi≈
Pastime = q<À^Œ=ÚQÍ HÍÅ=Ú
QÆ_»∞Ѩ٠P@
Ball room = <å@ºâßÅ
Ball room dance= <å@ºâßÅÖ’
q∞^èŒ∞##$`«º=Ú
Ballet dance = *Ï#Ѩ^Œ #$`«º=Ú
Cock fight = HÀ_çѨO^≥=Ú
Marbles = QÀeHÍÜ«∞Å∞
Music party = ã¨Ow`« HõKÕÛi
Puppet show = (`ÀÅ∞) ÉÁ=∞‡ÖÏ@
Swing = TÜ≥∞Å, TÜ«∞Å TѨÙ
Absolution = áêѨq"≥∂K«#=Ú
Altar = ^≥·Ñ¨Ñ‘~î°=Ú, ѨÓ*ÏÑ‘~î°=Ú
Apostle = =∞`ÀѨ^Õâ◊‰õΩ_»∞
Atonement = „áêÜ«∞tÛ`«Î=Ú
Creed = =∞`«=Ú
Eclat = ã¨∞Îu
Ecstasy = Ѩ~°=â◊`«, Ѩ~°=∂
#O^Œ=Ú
Effigy = „Ѩu=∞, ÉÁ=∞‡
Eternal Bliss = âßâ◊fi`å#O^Œ=Ú
Eulogy = ™È΄`«=Ú
Gospel = =∞`«É’^èŒ
Genus = *Ïu, =~°æ=Ú, QÀ„`«=Ú
Heretic = J#º=∞`«=Ú"å_»∞
Homage = ѨÓ[, ¿ã=
Immolation = P`«‡|e
Incense = ^èŒ∂Ѩ=Ú
Inferno = #~°Hõ=Ú, J^èÀÅHõ=Ú
Knell = QÆO@
Libation = `«~°Ê}=Ú
Num skull = =¸_è»∞_»∞
Omnipresent = ã¨~åfiO`«~åºq∞
Omniscient = ã¨~°fiA˝_»∞, ã¨~°fi™êH˜∆
Orison = „áê~°ú#, q#flѨ=Ú
Propitiation = âßOu, „áêÜ«∞tÛù`«Î=Ú
Propitious = „Ѩã¨#fl"≥∞ÿ#, Hõ$ѨQÆÅ
Proteus = [Å^Õ=`«, =~°}∞_»∞
Quietness = =∞ø#=Ú
Realization = `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@
Avani Avittam = „âß=} ѨÓi‚=∞
Mattupongal = Hõ#∞=∞ѨO_»∞QÆ, Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ
ѨO_»∞QÆ
Ascension day = P~ÀǨÏ} k#=Ú
Ash wednesday= |∂_ç^Œ |∞^èŒ"å~°=Ú
Advent = PQÆ=∞# k#=Ú
Assumption day= `«ÅOѨ٠k#=Ú
All Saints day = =∞ǨÏhÜ«ÚÅ k#=Ú
All Souls day = P`«‡ k#=Ú
Christmas = „H˜ã¨ì=∞ã¨∞ ѨO_»∞QÆ
Corpus christ = „H˜ã¨∞Î k#=Ú
Wild Indigo = "≥OѨe
Prickles = =ÚO_»∞¡
Aerialroots = T_»Å∞
Banian drops = =∞é˜]T_»Å∞
Budding = "≥ÚQÆæ ^˘_»∞QÆ∞
Bulbs = z#fl "≥ÚQÆæÅ∞
Collar = „=∂#∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞
Horticulture = L^•º#Hõ$+≤
Kernel = ^è•#ºÑ¨ÙyO[, H˘|ƒi
Legume = kfi^Œà◊ c[=Ú
Rootshoot = =¸ÖÏO‰õΩ~°=Ú
Sapling = z#fl"≥ÚHõ¯
Shoot = Ô~=∞‡
Tillering = Ñ≤ÅHõ `˘_»∞QÆ∞@
Abyss = JQÍ^èŒ=Ú
Billow = á⁄~°∞¡, JÅ
Brink = F~°, JOK«∞
Blast = ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍe
Cliff = éÏuQÆ∞@ì
Cliff = Ѩ~°fi`« ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=Ú
Gravel = QÆ∞ÅHõ
Isle = nq212
Inundation = "≥Å∞¡=
Zephyr = Ñ≤Å¡QÍe
Rivulet = z#fl #k
Warmth = "≥K«Û^Œ#=Ú
Confession = <Õ~°=Ú KÕã≤#@∞¡
JOwHÍ~°=Ú
Defendant = „Ѩu"åk
Guillotine = <Õ~°ã¨∞÷x `«Å#~°‰õΩ
QÆO„_»Q˘_»¤e
Homicide = #~°Ç¨Ï`«º
Judiciary = <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éèí ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#
Judicature = <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éèí
Jurist = ^èŒ~°‡âß„ã¨Î ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞
Juris prudence = ^èŒ~°‡âß„ã¨Î=Ú
Juvenile court = ÉÏÅ<Õ~°ã¨∞÷Å qKåiOK«∞
<åºÜ«∞ã¨Éèí
Parole = "åQÆÌ`«Î=Ú, Y~å~°∞
Pillory = ^ŒO_»<åK«„Hõ=Ú
Plaintiff = "åk
Punitive = tâ◊√ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#
Punic = qâßfiã¨Ñ¶¨∂`«∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ#
Penitentiary = K≥~°™êÅ
Proxy = |^Œ∞Å∞, „Ѩuxkè
Doe = P_»ÖË_ç, P_»∞‰õΩO^ÕÅ∞
Lit = "≥eyOK«∞
Bale = |™êÎ, =¸@
Ajar = ã¨QÆ=Ú `≥~°zÜ«Ú#fl
Balm = LѨâ◊=∞#HÍi
Bang = H˘@∞ì, ÉÏ^Œ∞
Verdict = <åºÜ«∞=Ú
Bastion = HÀ@ |∞~°∞A
Interregnum = ~åAÖËx HÍÅ=Ú
Mandate = âßã¨#=Ú
Nobleman = ~å[=Oâ◊ã¨∞Î_»∞
Perjury = Jã¨`«º „Ѩ=∂}=Ú
KÕÜ«Ú@
Repeal = ~°^Œ∞Ì
Sentinel = á¶ê~å"å_»∞
Sceptre = ~å[^ŒO_»=Ú
Sovereign = ™ê„=∂@∞ì
Sedition = ^Õâ◊„^ÀǨÏ=Ú
Treason = ~å[„^ÀǨÏ=Ú
Usurper = J„Hõ=∞=ÚQÍ ~å[º=∞
ѨǨÏiOz#"å_»∞
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               213
SYNONYMS  ( Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ^•Å∞)
Able = Capable, clever
Accept = to take, to receive.
Advise = to  inform, to give an opinion.
Appea = to come before,to .
Attend = wait upon,
      accompany, Present
Attack =  assail,  assault.
Bear = carry,support,
produce.
Begin =  commence, start.
Behave =  conduct, treat.
Belong =  Manner, Own, Possess
Bless =  consecrate, make
happy.
Calm =  quiet, Silent
Care = anxiety, pains, heed,
   charge
Carry = convey, transport,
capture = Chance, opportunity,
risk, fortune.
Chief = Head or principal
person.important
Clean = pure, neat, tidy
Concern = interest, affair.
Confer = admit,own,
acknowledge
Deny =  reject, disown
Decay = rot, decompose
Defend =  protect, support, help
Depend. live on, rely
on.
Devote =  set apart, worship
Living = active, vigorous,
livelihood.
Lose = waste, forfeit.
maintain = support, defend,
continue.
Menace =  threat, danger.
Misery = distress, misfortune.
Naked = unclothed, bare.
Novice = beginner, fresh,an
inexperienced
person.
Obstinate = stubborn,
disobedient,
unyielding.
Offensive =  disgusting, annoying.
Passage =  entrance, exit, journey.
Perfect =  Pure, complete.
Pious =   religious, devout.
Praise =  tribute, applause, benefit.
Promote =  advance, raise.
Quality =  attribute, kind
Rare =   scarce, uncommon.
Ruin =  overthrow, downfall.
Separate =  divide, disconnect.
Splendid =  magnificent, famous,
brilliant.
Struggle =   labour, contest.
Vast =   spacious, boundless space,
sea.
Wreck = destruction, ruins of a ship
Dupe = deceive, cheat
Easy = comfortable, not difficult,
moderate
Enough = sufficient, adequate.
Effort = endeavour, attempt,
struggle.
End =  limit, death.
Engage =  order, hire, attract, occupy.
Excite = rouse up. stimulate.
Expose = disclose, ridicule.
Extent = size, reach, compass
Faint =   swoon, spiritless.
Fair = beautiful, handsome,
spotless, just.214
Fatal =   destructive, ruinous, deadly.
Favour =   esteem, kindness, goodwill.
Finish =  complete, kill, polish.
Fit =  adapt, adjust, benefit.
Forecast =  predict, foresight.
Fortune =   chance, fate, wealth.
Gain =  advantage. profit.
Gather =  assempble. collect, pluck.
Gentry =  the upper class of society.
Grandeur =  greatness, splendour.
Guilt =  sin, criminality.
Handsome =  pleasing, graceful, ample
Hatred =   foshtility, contempt.
Haughty =   arrogant, proud.
Hide =  conceal. disguise, animal
skin.
Homage = deference, reverence.
Image = statute, bust.
Imagination=idea, fancy, invention.
Inferior = subordinate, secondary.
Justice = impartiality, judge.
Knock = blow, rap, stroke.
Lag = stay behind, last.
 ANTONYMS
Ancient x Modern
Arrival x Departure
Allow x Disallow
Audible x Inaudible
Attack x Defend
Bravery x Cowardice
Blunt x Sharp
Bright x Dull
Certain x uncertain
Rough x Smooth
Short x Long
Strange x Familiar
Superior x Inferior
Suspect x Trust
Swallow x Vomit
Sympathy x Apathy
Synonym x Antonym
Thick x Thin
Tight x Loose
Top x Bottom
Ugly x Beautiful,
Pleasing
Wide x Narrow
Wrong x Right
Care x Neglect/Care
             less
Confess x Deny
Correct x Incorrect
Deep x Shallow
Decrease x Increase
Encourage x Discourage
Fresh x Stale,
False x Truth, fact
Full x Empty
Gather x Scatter
Guilty x Innocent
Hope x Despair
High x Low
Honest x Dishonest
heaven x Hell
Happiness x Misery
Hate x Love
Import x Export
Include x Exclude
Junior x Senior
Just x Unjust
Lose x Gain
Legal x Illegal
Maximum x Minimum
Merit x Demerit
Miser x Spendthrift
Meek x Proud
Natural x Artificial
Perfect x Imperfect
Peace x War
Punish x Reward
Public x Private
Accept x Reject
Acquit x Convict215
Affirm x Deny
Agree xDiffer/disagree
Ancestor x Descendant
Attract x Repel
Belief x Doubt
Bold x Timid
Carnal x Spiritual
Cheap x Costly
Cheerful x Gloomy
Clean x Dirty
Compulsory x Optional
Create x Destroy
Dawn x Dusk
Creditor x Debtor
Admire x Ridicule
Defence x Offence
Democracy x Autocracy
Gaint x Dwarf
Foreign x Native
Exclude x Include
Homogeneous  x Heterogeneous
Hurt x Heal
Insert x Extract
Knowledge x Ignorance
Lead x Follow
Major x Minor
Negative x Positive
Orthodo x Heterdox
Praise x Detract
True x False
Clear x Vague
Subjective x Objective
Straight x Crooked
Right x Wrong
Gain x Loss
Famous x Obscure
Expand x Contract
External x Internal
Imaginary x Real
Kind x Cruel
Many x Few
Natural x artificial
Promote x Demote
Public x Private
Wise x Foolish
Victory x Defeat
Smile x Frown
Advance x Recede
SYNONYMS AND THEIR MEANINGS
Acquaintance : Is  from occassional intercourse.
Familiarity : From persons being frequently
together.
Intimacy : Result of close association
Anger : A  feeling of keen displeasure.
Indignation : Outburst of anger.
Resentment : Anger roused by insult or injury.
Wrath : Expression of a feeling caused by
provocation.
Scoff : Implies the use of insolent mockery.
1. Slow : Wider term denoting a want of rapid
motion of inertness of intellect.
Dilatory : Denotes a proneness to delay the
performance of what we know must216
be done.
Tardy : Denotes the habit of being behind
hand.
2. Appear : Has a reference to a thing being
presented to our view.
Seem : Appear to be.
3. Trial : Testing one's powers
Attempt : Always directed to some definite and
specific object
Endeavour : Continual attempt
Effort : Straining to carry out an attempt
Exertion : (Stronger word) put forth united
effort
Struggle : To make great efforts
4. Mistake : Taking of one thing for another.
Error : Departure or deviation from what
which is right or correct.
Blunder : Make gross mistake.
5. Misfortune : Simply  luck ,
       Mischances of Mishaps :Misfotunes  of trivial nature.
Disaster : Sudden, unforessen very sorrowful
event.
Calamity : Caused by natural causes like fire,
flood and so on.
6. Communicate : Pass on information
Impart : Giving to others a part of what we
had held as our own.
Reveal : To make known something hidden or
concealed.
Unravel : Make clear ( some mystery or
profound secret)
7. Think : Using or exercising the mind to form
opinions
Meditate : Think about the means to achieve
Contemplate : When the means are at hand and the
decision is really made.
Cogitate : Think deeply
Intend : Decision to act when an opportunity
comes
Reflect : Think on. Go back in thought.
8. Courage : Firmness of spirit to meet danger
without fear.
Bravery : Daring courage which has the reward
in view217
         Evident : Seen forcibly and leaves no doubt on
the mind
         Obvious : Must be seen by everyone
         Manifest : Evident in a high degree
16. Memory : Denotes the power by which one
produces parts of  impressions.
Rememberance : Exercise of the memory power.
Recollection : An effort to bring back something to
the memory
Reminiscence : Intermediate between
rememberance and recollection.
17. Dirty : Covered with dirt
Nasty : Denotes disgust
Filthy and foul. : Imply that a thing is filled or covered
with offensive matter.
18. Labour : Strenuous exertion
Toil : Severity of labour which is painful
Drudgery : Mean, degrading work, to drag on
19. Silent : Has reference to the act.
Taciturn : Has reference to the habit (Reserve)
20. Skill : Ability to do something well
Dexterity : Refers to habitual ease of execution.
Adroitness : Skill which implies a general felicity
of movement
21. Enemity : Is open
Rancour : Deep seated and malignant
22. Consider : View or contemplate with a fixed
thought
Ponder : Contemplate with a view to some
practical result
Muse : Simply think upon continuously with
no definite object
23. Incongruous : When they are not suited to one
another
Inconsistent : When they are opposed to each
other
Incompatible : When they cannot co-exist.
24. Gaze : Look fixedly
Gape : Look fixedly with feelings of ignorant
wonder.
Stare : Look with the fixedness of insolence
See : Use the power of sight , look
25. Feeling : May be of the body or the mind
Emotion : Of the mind218
Agitation : Disturbance may be bodily or mental
26. Confuse : Mix up in the mind.
          Perplexed : When feelings and judgement are
confused.
          Puzzle : When faculties are confused.
          Embarrass : Denotes  some bar which impedes
the power of thought , speech or the
mind.
27. Disposition : Governing purpose of the mind.
          Inclination : Bent of mind.
          Tendency : Strong determination or proclivity
towards some particular mode of
action
28. Irritate : Denotes an excitment of quick and
slightly angry feeling.
          Provoke : Implies the awakening of some open
expression of decided anger.
          Exasperate : Denotes a provoking of anger in its
unchecked exercise.
29. Jest : In order to make others laugh.
           Joke : to please himself.
30. Sneer : Sneer implies to cast contempt
indirectly.
          Jeer : (Stronger word than sneer) denotes
severe sarcastic reflections.
Mock : Make fun of  in a Contemptuous
way.
Foreign words ( q^Õj Ѩ^•Å∞)
Ad hoc = „Ѩ`ÕºHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú
H˘~°‰õΩ
Ad finem = z=~°‰õΩ
Ad infinitum = J#O`«`«fi=Ú‰õΩ
Ad interim = D =∞^茺=~°‰õΩ
Ad libitum = hW+¨ì=Ú =zÛ#@∞¡
Ad rem = „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú#‰õΩ
Ad valorem = qÅ∞=#∞ |\˜ì
A fortior  Agent= QÆ\˜ì HÍ~°}O`À
Provocateur = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ^•i Ѩ\˜ìOK«_®xH˜
xÜ≥∂yOѨ|_ç#"å_»∞
Anno christi = „H©ã¨∞Î ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÖ’219
Anno domini = =∂ „ѨÉèí∞=Ù
ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÖ’
Annus  mirabilis
= qO`«Å ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú
Tete-a-tete = =ÚMÏ=Úd ( Z^Œ∞~°QÍ)
Au revoir = ÃãÅ=Ù fã¨∞H˘O\Ï#∞
Bonafides = =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú
Bona fide = =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú`À
Bon voyage = ã¨∞Y=∞QÆ∞
„Ѩܫ∂}=Ú#‰õΩ
De jure = ǨωõΩ¯ QÆÅ
Divide et
 impera = q_»nã≤ ѨiáêeOK«∞
De facto = x[=ÚQÆ
En route =  =∞^茺=∂~°æ=Ú#
Humanum = `«Ñ¨ÙÊKÕÜ«Ú@
=∂#= ÅHõ∆}O
In re = P q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’
Inter alia = q∞ye# q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’
Ipso facto = JO^Œ∞=Å#
Mala fide = "≥∂ã¨=Ú`À
Modus operandi= KÕ¿ã ÖËHõ x_ç¿Ñ q^è•#O
Modus vivendi = x=ã≤OKÕ q^è•#O
Prima facie = K«∂_»QÍ<Õ
Pre re nata = J`«º=ã¨~° Ѩiã≤÷u
H˘~°‰õΩ
Pro tempore = „Ѩã¨∞Î`«=Ú#‰õΩ
Aide = Helper
Alias = Variation in name
Alma Mater = Gracious mother
Ante Meridium = Before Mid Day
Detenu = Prisoner
En masse = In a body
Etcetera = And the rest
Entourage = Retinue
Errata = Errors
Exit = The way to go out
Ex-officio = By virtue of one's office
Ex-parte = One sided
Extempore = Without previous
preparation
Impasse = Dead lock
In camera = In secret
Incognito = In disguise
In toto = Entirely
Lingua franca = A common language
Locus standi = A place for standing
Post mortem = Medical examination
after death
Par excellence= By way of special220
ENGLISH PREFIXES
(Prefixes & Suffixes =ÚO^Œ∞, `«~°∞"å~Ú KÕ~°∞ÊÅ∞)
A. (Without) abroad, ashore, asleep, a moral (no morals)
A. ( out, from) arise, alight.
Be. ( by) beside.
For. forbear, forgive.
Fore ( before) foretell, forego.
In(in) income, inland, inside.
Mis(wrong) mislead, mistake, misdeed.
Over ( above , beyond) overthrow, overdo, overtake.
To(this) today, tonight, tomorrow.
Un(not)unkind, unlike, untrue, untie, undo.
Under (below) undergo, underground, understand.
With(against, back) withdraw, withhold, withstand.
LATIN PREFIXES
Ab. Abuse, abstract.
Ad. ( to) adjoin, announce, appoint.
Bene ( well) benefit
Bis ( twice) bisect.
Co ( with) co-operative, Co-ordinate, Co-existence
De ( down) descent, dethrone.
Dis ( apart) disjoin, discontinue.
In ( in, into, not) invade, illegal.
Non ( not) nonsense.
Post ( after) Postscript, Postpone.
Pre (before ) Prefix, prevent, predict.
Pro (for) pronounce, Promotion.
Re ( back, again) refund , review, reopen, return.
Sub ( under ) Subordinate, subversion,
Trans ( across) transmit, tresspass.
Vice ( in the place of )  vice president.
ENGLISH SUFFIXES
I. Of Nouns
-er; -or, -yer, painter, baker, sailor
-ter; - daughter,
-dom; freedom, kingdom, wisdom,
-hood; boyhood, childhood, manhood.
-ness; goodness, kindness, darkness
-red; hatred.221
-ship; hardship, friendship
-th; growth, health, wealth
II. Forming Diminutives
-el; le, satchel
-en; kitten, kitchen,
-ling; darling
-ock; bullock.
III. Of Adjectives
-ed; gifted, learned
-en; golden, wooden
-ful; helpful, fruitful
-less; (without) fearless, hopeless
-ly (like); manly, bravely
-some; quarrrelsome.
-y; healthy; needy, dirty
IV. Of Verbs
-en; weaken, strengthen
-er; chatter, flutter
V. Of Adverbs
-ly( like); boldly, widely
-long; headlong
-ward; upward, backward,
-way (s); anyway, always
-wise; likewise, otherwise
LATIN SUFFIXES
-ain, an, on; chieftain.
-ar, er; scholar, engineer
-ate, ee, y; advocate,
-age, marriage, leakage.
-ion; union, opinion.
-ment; judgement, improvement.
-ty; cruelty, civility.
-y; misery, victory
-ary, ry; library, treasury.
-al; legal, fatal.
-ary; contrary, ordinary.
-fy; purify, simplify, certify.
-ish; publish, punish.222
SIMILAR WORDS DISTINGUISHED
( ™ê~°∂Ѩº Ѩ^Œ=ÚÅ q=~°})
Advice. ( Noun) He gave me good advice.
Advise ( verb) I advised him to work hard.
Altar. Place flowers on the altar.
Alter. This scheme can't be altered.
Bales How many bales of cotton do you need?
Bail. He was released on bail.
Berth. He got his berth reserved.
Birth. What is your date of birth?
Bear. I saw a white bear in the Zoo.
Bare Don't walk bare-footed.
Break. Who broke this slate?
Brake The brakes of my bicycle are loose.
Canvas. Have canvas shoes for exercise.
Convass. He  convasses for votes.
Check He  checked the account.
Cheque. Issue me a cheque book.
Canon. Follow the canon of church.
Cannon. Our army silenced their cannons.
Cast Cast these old ideas away.
Caste. He belongs to an upper/ forward  caste.
Cost. This book cost me fifty rupees.
Dear. Bittu is my dear friend.
Deer. Deer roam about freely in the Zoo.
Disease. He  suffers from a dangerous disease.
Decease. His deceased father left no property.
Desert. Don't desert him in difficulty.
We enjoyed  dissert after dinner.
Diary. Note down these points in your diary.
Dairy. we get milk from a dairy.
Fair. There is no fair price shop here.
Fare. There is no rise in the bus fare
Farmer. The farmers till the land.
Former Suman and mOhan are two brothers. The223
former is very gentle
but the latter is a loafer
Foul we can't stand this foul smell.
Fowl. Fowls can be seen in the forest.
Gate We  received Martin at the gate.
Gait. Anjali's gait is graceful.
Hail. It hailed after rain.
hale. You  look hale and hearty.
Heel. The thief took to his heels.
Heal. His wounds were healed.
Industrious. My friend is very industrious.
Industrial Ghaziabad is an industrial city.
Knotty. It is a knotty problem.
Naughty. Avinash is very naughty boy.
Lesson. Learn a lesson from your past mistakes.
Lessen. This medicine will lessen your pain.
Lose. He  lost his purse.
Loose Try to buy a loose shirt.
Mail. Send this letter by mail.
Male. No male member is allowed here.
Popular Pt. Nehru was popular with the people.
Populous. Bombay is a populous city.
Principal. My friend Sh. V.S. Sharma is an efficient Vice
Principal.
Principle. Follow some principles in life.
Pray Pray to God daily.
Prey. Lion is a beast of prey.
Peace. Manali is a very peaceful place.
Piece. Have a piece of cake.
Quite. You are in time.
Quiet. Sit quiet in the class.
Rein Hold the reins tightly.
Reign. He did a great service during  his reign.
Rain. It rained heavily last night.
Stationery There is no stationery shop here.
Stationary. The sun is stationary.
Sole. He is the sole male member in his family.
Soul. Dayananda was a great soul.
Story. They write story books
Storey Our building has three storeys.
Throne. When did Ranjit Singh sit on the throne?
Thrown. He was thrown out of the room.
Team. Our  team won the match.
Teem. This pond teems with fish.
Waste. If you waste your time, you will repent.224
Waist. He wears a belt round his waist.
Week. She is leaving next week.
Weak. A  thin person is not always weak.
Weather. What a pleasant weather!
Whether. Tell me whether you are coming tomorrow.
Affect Having an  influence or effect on
Effect
Childish. Immature.
Childlike Innocent.
Adopt To take  into one's family as a relation.
Adapt Make (set) suitable for new need, etc.
Adept Skillful. He is adept in painting.
Counsel Advice
Council Assembly
Opposite Contrary
Apposite Suitable
Beside By the side of
Besides Moreover /  in addition to
Artificial Not natural
Artful Cunning
Beneficial Kind
Beneficial Useful
Cannon Principle
Continuous Unceasing
Continual Frequent
Forego Go  before
Forgo Do without
Lay Transitive lay, laid.
Lie [Intransitive lie, lay, lain] [Be at rest]
Conform Comply with
Confirm Agree  definitely to
Luxuriant Growing abundantly
Luxurious Supplied with luxuries
Contagious Spreading by touch
Infectious Spreading by bacteria
Ingenious Clever
Ingenuous Frank
Judicious Prudent
Judicial Legal
Officious Too  eager to use authority etc.
Official Of  authority
Populous Thickly populated
Popular Liked by the people generally
Verbal Relating to words
Verbose Wordy225
Momentary Lasting for a moment.
Momentous Very important
Felicitate Congratulate
Facilitate Make easy
Imminent Likely to come or happen soon
Immanent Inherent, Present
Antics Queer or peculiar behaviour
Antiques Relice
Allude Refer to
Elude Avoid
Bail The security given for the release
Bale Packed bundle of goods for transport
Censor Examine and cut out
Censure Criticise unfavourably
Complacent Self-satisfied.
Complaisant Obliging
Compliment Expression of admiration
Complement That which makes something complete.
Diseased Suffering from a disease
Deceased Recently dead
Difference The state of being unlike
Deference Respect
Discard Throw out
Discord Disagreement
Discrete Individually distinct
Discreet Careful
Lean Having less than the usual proportion of fat
Lien Legal claim till the owner has repaid a loan
or debt
Immigrate Come as a settler into another country
Emigrate Go away from one's own country to another
to settle there
Extant Still in existence
Extent Area.226
NEWS  PAPER HEADLINES
("å~åÎѨ„uHõÖ’¡x =ÚYºji¬HõÅ∞)
(North  East  West  South  Past  And  Present  Events
Blast explosion ; criticise violenty
BLAST AT PALACE
PM BLASTS EC
Blaze fire
SIX DIE IN HOTEL BLAZE
Block stop, delay
TORIES BLOCK TEACHERS' PAY DEAL
Blow bad news; discouragement; unfortunate happening
SMITH ILL : BLOW TO WORLD CUP HOPES
Bolster give support/ encouragement to
EXPORT FIGURES BOLSTER CITY CONFIDENCE
Bond political/ business association
INDIA CUTS TRADE BONDS WITH PAKISTAN
Boom big increase;  prosperous period
SPENDING BOOM OVER, SAYS MINISTER
Boost Encourage(ment);  to increase; an increase
GOVERNMENT PLAN TO BOOST EXPORTS
BR British Rail
BR CLAIMS 50% OF TRAINS ON TIME
Brink edge (of disaster)
WORLD ON BRINK OF WAR
Call (for) demand/ appeal (for)
CALL FOR STRIKE TALKS
Campaign Organised effort to achieve social or political result
MP LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR PRISON REFORM
Cash money
MORE CASH NEEDED FOR SCHOOLS
Charge accusation ( by police)
THREE MEN HELD ON BOMB CHARGE (blast)
Chop abolition, closure
300 BANK BRANCHES FACE CHOP
City London's financial institutions
NEW TRADE FIGURES PLEASE CITY
Claim (make) a statement that something is true ( especially
when there may be disagreement); pay claim
demand for higher wages.
SCIENTIST CLAIMS CANCER BREAK THROUGH
 report)227
RACISM CLAIM IN NAVY
TEACHERS' PAY CLAIM REJECTED
Clamp-down on deal firmly with (usually something illegal)
POLICE TO CLAMP DOWN ON SPEEDING
Clash=quarrel. fight (noun or verb)
STUDENTS CLASH WITH POLICE
Clear find innocent
DOCTOR CLEARED OF DRUGS CHARGE
Commons the House of Commons ( in Parliament)
MINISTERS IN COMMONS CLASH OVER HOUSING
Con swindle
TEENAGERS CON WIDOW OUT OF LIFE SAVINGS
Crackdown firm application of the law
GOVERNMENT PROMISES CRACKDOWN ON DRUGS
DEALERS
Crash financial failure
BANK CRASH THREATENS TO BRING DOWN
GOVERNMENT
Curb restrict; restriction
NEW PRICE CURBS
Cut reduce; reduction
BRITAIN CUTS OVERSEAS AID
NEW HEALTH SERVICE CUTS
Cutback reduction (usually financial)
TEACHERS SLAM SCHOOL CUTBACKS
Dash (make) quick journey)
PM IN DASH TO BLAST HOSPITAL
Deadlock disagreement that cannot be solved
DEADLOCK IN PEACE TALKS
Deal agreement, bargain
TEACHERS REJECT NEW PAY DEAL
Demo demonstration
30 ARRESTED IN ANTI-TAX DEMO
Dole unemployment pay
DOLE QUEUES LENGTHEN
Drama dramatic event; tense situation
PRINCE IN AIRPORT DRAMA
Drive united effort
DRIVE TO SAVE WATER
Drop give up, get rid of; fall (noun)
GOVERNMENT TO DROP CHILD LABOUR PLAN
BIG DROP IN INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT
Due expected to arrive
QUEEN DUE IN BERLIN TODAY
EC The European Community228
EC TRADE MINISTERS TO MEET
Edge move gradually
WORLD EDGES TOWARDS WAR
Envoy ambassador
FRENCH ENVOY DISAPPEARS
Face  be threatened by
HOSPITALS FACE MORE CUTS
STRIKERS FACE SACK
Feud long-lasting quarrel or dispute
FAMILY FEUD EXPLODES INTO VIOLENCE: SIX HELD
Find something that is found
BEACH FIND MAY BE BONES OF UNKNOWN
DINOSAURS
Firm determined not to change
PM FIRM ON TAX LEVELS
Flak heavy criticism
GOVERNMENT FACES FLAK OVER VAT
Flare begin violently
RIOTS FLARE IN UDSTER
Foil prevent somebody from succeeding
TWELVE-YEAR-OLD FOILS BANK RAIDERS
Fraud swindle, deceit
JAIL FOR TICKET FRAUD MEN
Freeze keep (ing) prices etc at their present level; block (ing) a bank
account
MINISTER WANTS TWO-YEAR PAY FREEZE
DRUG PROFITS FROZEN
Gag censor(ship), prevent (ion) from speaking
AFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS
Gaol  older British spelling for jail
Gems jewels
L 2M GEMS STOLEN
Go resign; be lost, disappear
PM TO GO?
4,000 JOBS TO GO IN NORTH
Go for be sold for
PICASSO DRAWING GOES FOR £5M
Go-ahead :      approval
SCOTTISH ROAD PLAN GETS GO-AHEAD
Grab - take violently
GERMANS GRAB SHARES IN BRITISH COMPANIES
Grip -  control; hold tightly
REBELS TIGHTEN GRIP ON SOUTH
COLD WAVE GRIPS COUNTRY229
Gun down shoot
TERRORISTS GUN DOWN PRIEST
Hail welcome, praise
PM HAILS PEACE PLAN
Halt  - stop
CAR PLANT TO HALT PRODUCTION
Haul -  amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police or customs
TRAIN ROBBERY : BIG GOLD HAUL
RECORD DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT
Head lead - leader
PM TO HEAD TRADE MISSION
COMMONWEALTH HEADS TO MEET IN OTTAWA
Head -  for move towards
ECONOMY HEADING FOR DISASTER, EXPERTS WARN
Hike - (US) rise in costs, prices etc.
INTEREST HIKE WILL HIT BUSINESS
Hit affect badly
Snow storms hit Transport
Hit out at attack (with words)
PM HITS OUT AT CRITICS
Hitch - problem that causes delay
LAST-MINUTE HITCH DELAYS SATELLITE LAUNCH
Hold -  arrest; keep under arrest
POLICE HOLD TERROR SUSPECT
MAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST
in(the)red - in debt; making a financial loss
BRITISH STEEL IN RED
IRA Irish Republican Army
IRA LEADER MAKES STATEMENT
Jail prison
JAIL FOR PEACE MARCHERS
Jobless -  unemployed (people)
THREE MILLION JOBLESS BY APRIL?
Key  - important, vital
KEY WITNESS VANISHES.
Lash - criticise violently
BISHOP LASHES TV SEX AND VIOLENCE
Launch - send (satellite etc) into space; begin (campaign etc)l put
(new product ) on market
SPACE TELESCOPE LAUNCH DELAYED
ENVIRONMENT MINISTER LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR
CLEANER BEACHES
BRITISH FIRM LAUNCHES THROW-AWAY CHAIRS.
Lead - clue (in police enquiry)230
NEW LEAD IN PHONE BOX MURDER CASE
Leak -  unofficial publication of secret informaion
PM FURIOUS OVER TAX PLAN LEAKS
Leap -  Jump / Increase
LEAP IN IMPORTS
Life -  imprisonment 'for life'
LIFE FOR AXE MURDERER
Link - connection, contact
NEW TRADE LINKS WITH PERU
Loom - threaten to happen
VAT ON FOOD: NEW ROW LOOMS
Lords the house of Lords (in Parliament)
LORDS VOTE ON DOG REGISTRATION
Mar - spoil
CROWD VIOLENCE MARS CUP FINAL
Mercy -  intended to save lives
DOCTOR IN MERCY DASH TO EVEREST
Mission - delegatiion ( official group sent to conference etc)
SHOTS FIRED AT UN MISSION
Mob - angry crowd; organised crime/ Mafia (US)
MOBS RAMPAGE THROUGH CITY STREETS
MOB LEADERS HELD
Move - step towards a particular result (often political)
MOVE TO BOOST TRADE LINKS WITH JAPAN
MP -  Member of Parliament
MP DENIES DRUGS CHARGE
Nail - force somebody to admit the truth
MP NAILS MINISTER ON PIT CLOSURE PLANS
Net - win, caputure
TWO SISTERS NET £3M IN POOLS WIN
Odds - chances, probability
JONES RE-ELECTED AGAINST THE ODDS
On - about, on the subject of, concerning
NEW MOVE ON PENSIONS
Opt - (for) choose
WALES OPTS FOR INDEPENDENCE
Oust - drive out, replace
MODERATES OUSTED IN UNION ELECTIONS
Out - to intending to
SCOTS NATONALISTS OUT TO CAPTURE MASS VOTE
Over - about, on the subject of , because of
ROW OVER AID CUTS
Pact - agreement
DEFENCE PACT RUNS INTO TROUBLE231
Pay - wages
TRANSPORT PAY TALKS BREAK DOWN
PC - police constable
PC SHOT IN BANK RAID
Peak -  high point
BANK LENDING HITS NEW PEAK
Peer - lord; Member of the House of Lords
PEERS REJECT GOVERNMENT WAGE-FREEZE PLAN
Peg -  hold (prices etc) at present level
BANKS PEG INTEREST RATES
Peril -  danger
FLOOD PERIL IN THAMES VALLEY
Pit - coal mine
THREAT OF MORE PIT CLOSURES
Plant -  factory
STEEL PLANT BLAZE
Plea - call for help
BIG RESPONSE TO PLEA FOR FLOOD AID
Pledge -   promise
GOVERNMENT GIVES PLEDGE ON JOBLESS
PM  - Prime Minister
EGG THROWN AT PM
Poll - election; public opinion survey
TORIES AHEAD IN POLLS
Pools -   football pools; a form of gambling in which people guess
the results of football matches
SISTERS SHARE BIG POOLS WIN
Premier shortend  form of  Prime Minister
GREEK PREMIER TO VISIT UK
Press - the newspapers
BID TO GAG PRESS OVER DEFENCE SPENDING
Press - (for) urge, encourage, ask for urgently
MINISTER PRESSED TO ACT ON HOUSING
OPPOSITION PRESS FOR ENQUIRY ON AIR CRASHES
Probe - investigation; investigate
CALL FOR STUDENT DRUGS PROBE
POLICE PROBE RACING SCANDAL
Pull out - withdraw; pull-out withdrawal
US PULLS OUT OF ARMS TALKS
CHURCH CALLS FOR BRITISH PULL-OUT FROM ULSTER
Push - (for) ask for, encourage
SCHOOLS PUSH FOR MORE CASH
Quake - earthquake
HOUSES DAMAGED IN WELSH QUAKE232
Quit - resign, leave
CHURCH LEADER QUITS
MINISTER TO QUIT GOVERNMENT
Quiz - question (verb)
POLICE QUIZ MILLIONAIRE SUPERMARKET BOSS
Raid - enter and search; attack (noun and verb), rob, robbery
POLICE RAID DUCHESS'S FLAT
BIG GEMS RAID
Rampage -  riot
FOOTBALL FANS RAMPAGE THROUGH SEASIDE TOWNS
Rap - criticise
DOCTORS RAP NEW MINISTRY PLANS
Record - bigger than ever before
RECORD LOSS BY INSURANCE FIRM
Riddle -  mystery
MISSING ENVOY RIDDLE : WOMAN HELD
Rift  - division, disagreement
LABOUR RIFT OVER DEFENCE POLICY
Rock - shock, shake
BANK SEX SCANDAL ROCKS CITY
IRELAND ROCKED BY QUAKE
Row -  noisy disagreement, quarrel
NEW ROW OVER PENSION CUTS
Rule out -  reject the possibility of
PM RULES OUT AUTUMN ELECTION
Sack - dismiss(al) from job
STRIKING POSTMEN FACE SACK
Saga long - running news story
NEW REVELATIONS IN BANK SEX SAGA
Scare -  public alarm, alarming rumour
TYPHOID SCARE IN SOUTHWEST
Scrap -  throw out (as useless)
GOVERNMENT SCRAPS NEW ROAD PLANS
Seek - look for
POLICE SEEK WITNESS TO KILLING
Top - (adj) senior, most important
TOP BANKER KIDNAPPED
Top - (Verb) exceed
IMPORTS TOP LAST YEAR'S FIGURES
Tory -  Conservative
VICTORY FOR TORY MODERATES
Trio - three people
JAILBREAK TRIO RECAPTURED
Troops -  soldiers
MORE TROOPS FOR BORDER AREA233
UK - The United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
EC CRITICISES UK JAIL CONDITIONS
Ulster - Northern Ireland
PM IN  SECRET TRIP TO ULSTER
UN   - The United Nations
UN IN RED: CANNOT BALANCE BUDGET
Urge - encourage
GOVERNMENT URGED TO ACT ON POLLUTION
US - The United States of America
US URGED TO PULL OUT OF ARMS DEAL
VAT -   Value added tax
NEXT, VAT ON BABYFOOD?
Vow  - promise
EXILED PRESIDENT VOWS TO RETURN
Walk out -  leave in protest
CAR WORKERS WALK OUT OVER WAGE FREEZE
Wed -   marry
BISHOP TO WED ACTRESS.
WORD - SUBSTITUTION
( UHõѨ^Œ~°∂Ѩ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞)
Word Substitution : 'One Word for Many'
One who does not believe in the existence of God ...  atheist
One who rules with absolute power ...  autocrat.
One who is out to destroy all government ...  anarchist.
One who eats only vegetable  food ...  vegetarian.
One who feeds on human flesh ...  cannibal.
One who works with another in the same office etc. ... colleague.
One who believes that all things are fixed by fate ...  fatalist.
One learned in many  languages ...  polyglot.
One new to any kind of business ...  novice.
One who loves and serves mankind ...  philanthropist.234
One who is always  doubting ...  sceptic.
One who sneers at or shows contempt for human nature ...  cynic.
One who looks at the bright side of things ...  optimist.
One who looks at the dark side of things ...  pessimist.
One who totally abstains from intoxicating drinks ...  teetotaller.
Being all of one mind ... unanimous
Persons living in the same   period ... contemporaries.
Compulsory military service ... conscription.
Medicine to counteract the effects of a poison ...  antidote.
A person unable to pay his debts . .. insolvent.
A citizen of the world ... cosmopolitan.
A speech made without previous preparation .... extempore.
One's first speech in public ...  maiden speech.
A person residing in a country of which he is not a citizen`.... alien (emigrant)
A paper written by hand ...  manuscript
A remedy for all diseases ...  panacea (Seea)
Talking to oneself ...  soliloquy.
A temporary cessation of war ...  truce.
A period of ten years ...  decade.
An office without any work but with high pay ...  sinecure.
A language which is no longer spoken ...  dead language.
The life story of a person written by himself ...  autobiography.
The giving of office to one's relations ... nepotism.
Words inscribed on a tomb ...  epitaph.
That which does not apply to the matter in hand ... irrelevant.
That which will last for a long time ... durable.
That which cannot be repaired ... irrepairable.
That which cannot be overcome ... insurmountable.
That which cannot be  conquered ... invincible.
That which cannot be wounded ...  invulnerable.
That which cannot be solved or dissolved ... insoluble.
That which cannot be described. ... indescribable.
That which cannot be managed ... unwieldy.
That which cannot be  avoide ... unavoidable.
That which cannot be revoked ... irrevocable.
That which is not likely to happen ... improbable.
That which cannot be explained ... inexplicable.
That which cannot be seen ... invisible.
That which cannot be heard ... inaudible.
That which cannot be corrected ... incorrigible.
That which is easily broken ...  brittle.
That which easily catches fire ... inflammable,
... combustible.
That which can be  seen through ... transparent.
That which cannot be seen through ... opaque.235
Of unknown name or authority ... anonymous
Expression having more than  one ... ambiguous
possible meaning
Fit to be eaten ... edible.
Too ready to believe anything ... credulous.
Given to finding fault ... consorious.
Fit to be chosen ... eligible.
Belonging to the Middle Ages ... medieval.
No longer in use ... obsolete.
Working merely for money ... mercenary.
Happening at one and the same time ... simultaneous.
Done of one's own free will ... voluntary
One filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm ...  fanatic
One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain ...  stoic.
Government by a royal ruler or king ... monarchy.
Government by a single person exercising absolute
and even irresponsible power ... dictatorship
Government by a small exclusive class ... oligarchy.
Government by the nobles ... aristocracy.
Government by officials ... bureaucracy.
Government by the wealthy ... plutocracy.
Government by the people ... democracy.
The science of plants or vegetable life ... botany
The science of life ... biology.
The science of structure of the body ... anatomy
The science of the human soul or mind ... psychology.
The science of reasoning ... logic
THe science of animal ... zoology
The  study  of  the  in  fluence of  the
heavenly bodies  on human ... astrology
Marriage of one wife or husband only ... monogamy.
The act of having two wives or husbands at the same time ... bigamy.
The  custom of  having more  than one
wife  or  husband at  a  time ... polygamy.
The custom by which one woman has more
than one husband at a time ... polyandry.
The killing or murder of oneself ... suicide.
The killing or murder of a human being ... homicide.
The killing or murder of an infant ... infanticide.
The killing or murder of a king ... regicide.
A disease which prevails among a great
number of people at the same time ... an epidemic
A disease peculiar to a district or country ... an endemic.
A place where bees are kept ... an apiary
A place where birds are kept ... an aviary236
A store-house for grain ..  granary.
A place where fish are kept ...  aquarium
A place to which  choronically sick
        goes in order to get back their health ...  sanatorium.
A place where the dead are buried ... cemetery.
A place where the dead are burnt ...  crematorium
A place where a number of wild animals is
kept in cases for show ... managerie.
A ground laid out for the landing and
departure of aircraft ...  aerodrome.
A house of residence for students ...  hostel.
An animal having two legs ... biped
An animal having four legs ...  quadruped.
Animals which cannot be tamed ... wild.
Animals living in water. ... aquatic.
Animals which live partly on land and partly in water. ... amphibian.
An animal that chews the cud ..  ruminant/to think
An animal that gnaws (e.g.a rat) ...  rodent.
That which cannot be believed. ... incredible.
That which cannot be read ... illegible
That which cannot be put into practice. ... impracticable.
That whcih cannot be imitated. ... inimitable.
He is a person engages in sport purely for pleasure. ... amature.
He is a person who sees little or no good in anything ... cynic
He is one who hates women. ... misogynist.
He is a person who wilfully destroys works
of art, spoilsm the beauty of nature, etc. ... Vandal
He is a person who  collects postage-stamps ... Philatelist.
He has many interesting occupations for his free time. ... Hobbies.
This is a statement which seems to say
something opposite to the truth. ... Paradox.
This is a statement which is obviously true. ... Platitude.
He is a doctor who treats mental illness. ... Psychiatrist.
He is a person who dishonestly claims to
have knowledge and skill ... Quack
He is a person who is between 90 and 100 years old. ... Nonagenerian
  : between 80-89)..........      Octogenarian
She is suffering from mental disorder
marketed by fixed delusions ... Paranoia
This painting is the only one of its sort or kind. ... Unique
Yesterday she gave birth to five children ... Quintuplets.
It is the 25th anniversary of the university. ... Silver-Jubilee
No person can claim that he is completely237
free from the possibility of being in error. ... Infallible
The wars and lost when there is gradual and
unnoticed occupation of land by small groups ... Infiltration.
He is a frivolous person too fond of gossip. ... Flibeergibbet.
They are trying to ease tension between nations ...  detente.
This boy is head over years. ... Precocious
He is a partner in crime ...  accomplice
This ancient monument is something
attributed to a wrong period of time. ... achronism
 Indulge in a round-about way of expression. ... Circumlocution.
He is well-versed in any art. ... Connoisseur.
There is agreement of opinion among
different groups on the conduct of election. ... Consensus.
There is a situation which brings action to a
standstill on the bonus  issue ... Deadlock
He is a person who champions the claims of
women for equal rights ... Feminist.
He is a person who  lives for pleasure. ... Hedonest.
He suffers from seeing things which
are not actually  present ... Hallucination
He is a person who believes in the complete
abolition of war and who refuses to fight. ... Pacifist.
He is a person who suffers from nervous disorder. ... Neurotic
Setting fire to public property. ... arson.
Schedule of travel. ... Itineray.
Not easy to control ... Intractable.
Present everywhere ... Ubiquitous.
-THE END-